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Waterford A stone metalled entrance-way, 7.5m wide was uncovered on the eastern landward side of this complex stratigraphy in culvert 1. One ditch was exposed on the opposite landward side of this entranceway and appears to belong to the line of the larger ‘outer’ ditch. The inner, shallower ditch also continued on the opposite side of the entranceway but this could not be confirmed as its projected route lay outside the culvert 1 trench. The two ditches forming the eastern enclosure were excavated within the roadtake at the northern end of the site. Excavations at the southwestern end of the site overlooking the Killoteran Stream also uncovered a ditch 2m by 1m. The fill of this ditch/pit produced a date of a two sigma date of between A.D. 675-901 (highest probability). It was subsequently sealed by a deposit of burnt stones dated to A.D. 860-1018 (highest probability). After this spread was laid down in the southwestern field, the site appears to have been open in this area (Russell et. al. 2007, 43). The earliest stratified finds in the excavated ditches included a possible hone-stone and a small fragment of lead (< 1 gram in weight) indicating possible lead-working on site. An oak sample from a charcoal-rich deposit in the lower fill of the outer ditch returned a 2Σ date of between the end of the fourth century and the mid sixth century. A large collection of artefacts including burnishing or polishing stones, hone-stones, an iron nodule, a possible glass bead and two amber beads were also recovered in the ditches. Only a relatively small area of the enclosure has been investigated. A considerable quantity of early medieval artefacts were recovered from the ploughsoil in both field which suggest that while the lower levels of cut features may survive intact, much of the habitation evidence may have been destroyed by subsequent post-medieval cultivation. The distribution of the finds indicates that domestic artefacts- knives and hones- were concentrated in the northern field. A significant number of hearths, pits, spreads, slot-trenches and post and stake-holes were excavated within the interior of the enclosure ditches and indicate intensive settlement activity. Scatters of post-and stake-holes throughout the site, particularly in the northern field indicate a number of potential oval and rectilinear houses. A sample from the fill of a pit associated with an arc of post-holes and a hearth returned a radiocarbon date of (A.D. 675- 901) and indicates that these structures were possibly in use sometime between the seventh and ninth centuries. A sub-rectangular structure defined by a slot-trench- 10.44m by 7.1m at its greatest extentwas excavated in the south-western field (Russell, 2007, 67 & 81). The slot-trenches appear to have been constructed in two phases. The structure contained a number of floor surfaces and a possible spud-stone on its western side may have marked an entrance. Two external metalled surfaces may have functioned as pathways leading to additional structures to the west. A considerable quantity of crucibles, hone stones, tuyère fragment and rotary sharpening/ polishing stones indicate that this structure had an industrial rather than a domestic function. There was evidence- glass beads, droplets and slag- that glass was being worked in the immediate area, and probably within the structure itself (Russell 2007, 82). Excavated pits, hearths, kilns and other cut features were found throughout the area of the enclosure though were primarily concentrated in the southwestern field, indicating that considerable industrial activity was undertaken in this area of the site. A very substantial spread of dark clay, charcoal and heat-shattered stone was deposited upon a number of cut features in the southern field indicating at least two phases of activity in this area. Immediately outside the enclosure in the southern field close to Killoteran stream were excavated a hearth surrounded by a stake-built windbreak. The hearth was associated with a number of spreads which presumably represented work surfaces or industrial dumping. 632
Waterford Stratified rotary sharpening or polishing stones were recovered from two of the spreads and a possible posthole and indicate that metal-working, or more specifically finishing activity occurred in this area, possibly contemporary with occupation in the main enclosure (Russell, Harrison et. al 2007, 86). A Viking grave was discovered 22m outside the enclosure entrance at the northern end of the site. It was accompanied by one sword, a shield boss, a spearhead, a battle axe, a copperalloy ring pin and a perforated hone-stone and may have originally been covered by a small cairn of stones. Considerable on-site manufacturing activity involving iron, copper alloy, silver, glass and perhaps lead-working, woodworking, ship repair and textile production have been uncovered at Woodstown. Extensive evidence for ferrous and non ferrous metalworking was uncovered in both fields and included crucible fragments, sharpening or polishing stones, ingots of iron copper alloy and silver, stone mould(s), tuyère and furnace fragments and large quantities of slag. Debris associated with over 140 smithing hearths and possible in situ metal-working furnaces/hearths were uncovered both inside and outside the main enclosure. One of the in situ furnaces/hearths was excavated within a sheltered portion of one of the larger outer ditch terminals at the northern end of the site. A fill of the furnace was radiocarbon-dated (A.D. 426-600) to between the early-fifth and late-sixth century. The furnace was sealed when a deposit containing waste and finished artefacts and radiocarbondated to the late sixth and seventh century (A.D. 582-694) was dumped into the ditch. Another furnace was excavated outside the enclosing ditch. Three post-holes around the circumference would have supported a flue or chimney lined with daub into which a set of bellows was probably inserted. The recovery of a lead weight from the oxidised clay of the furnace indicates that it may have been used for smelting lead or silver ingots, or possibly the forging of lead-weights (O’Brien and Russell 2005, 122). . At least four nodules of silver-melt debris were recovered in the topsoil soil and indicate that silver was also being worked as well as exchanged at the site. Over 600 possibly Viking/medieval ship rivets were also revealed in the excavations at the site and it has been suggested (Bill 2006) that many possibly belonged to ships of a Scandinavian clinker-built tradition. Bill (2006, 11) has suggested that the quantity of these rivets indicates that ships could have been repaired or at least broken up at, or, in the vicinity of Woodstown. Textile production is indicated by a number of stone spindle whorl, including one from a posthole in the northern field as well as a stone loom weight from the ploughsoil. Also recovered were eight perforated lead artifacts which may have functioned either as weights or spindle whorls (Quinney 2005, 52) and three sets of shears or scissors (Quinney 2005, 52). Food-production from the site is also indicated by a quantity of fish-hooks and a sickle which it was suggested was of a Norwegian rather than Irish type (Russell et. al. 2007, 48). A considerable number of rotary sharpening stones for metalwork were uncovered from both the ploughsoil and stratified contexts, particularly within the ditches. Other domestic artifacts included a quantity of hone-stones, copper-alloy tweezers, fragments of bone combs and four weights, possibly used for weighing down thatch (McNamara 2005, 126-27). The trading and mercantile interests of the site is also demonstrated by over two hundred lead pan weights, 30 pieces of hacked silver ingots, stamped and unstamped silver arm-rings and a fragment of two probable silver kufic coin from Arabia- all predominantly recovered from the ploughsoil. Also recovered were a number of glass and amber beads as well as an ivory bead- possibly walrus from the North Atlantic (McNamara 2005, 128). It was suggested that one fragment of amber may represent a piece of craft-working debris (Harvey 2005, 6) indicating that these objects were not only being imported but worked on-site. 633
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
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Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
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Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
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Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
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Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
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Louth The north-eastern area within
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Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
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Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
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Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
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Louth Archaeological monitoring of
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
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Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath possibly a foundation deposit
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
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Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
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Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath bone and finds were few. The
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Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
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Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
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Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
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Meath similar huge amounts being re
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Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
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Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
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Meath spreads of animal bone were u
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath disturbed burial appeared to
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Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
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Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
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Meath suggests a network of trade a
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
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Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
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Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
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Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
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Monaghan have been used for storage
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Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
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Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
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Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
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Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
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Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
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Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
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Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
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Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
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Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
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Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
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Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
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Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
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Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
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Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
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Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
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Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
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Tipperary saw the building of the p
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Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
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Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
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Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
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Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609: Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611: Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613: Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615: Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617: Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619: Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621: Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623: Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625: Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627: Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629: Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631: Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633: Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635: Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637: Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639: Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641: Waterford Though the archaeological
Page 642 and 643: Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645: Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647: Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649: Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651: Waterford Large amounts of antler a
Page 652 and 653: Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655: Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657: Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 660 and 661: Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663: Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665: Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667: Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669: Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
Page 670 and 671: Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
Page 672 and 673: Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
Page 674 and 675: Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
Page 676 and 677: Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
Page 678 and 679: Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681: Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683: Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685: UCD School of Archaeology
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