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Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early Medieval Settlement-Cemetery Grid reference: O0039416 (300394/241605) SMR: N/A Excavation Licence No: A017/001 Excavation Duration/Year: November 2005 – September 2006 Site director: A. O’Connell (ACS Ltd.) Castlefarm – discovered in advance of the M3 road-scheme – was a multi-phase settlementcemetery site that was dated between the fifth and thirteenth centuries. Earlier prehistoric activity was also represented by the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age in the form of lithic objects, a possible burnt mound and a ring-ditch respectively. The site was located a short distance southwest of Dunboyne town on a slightly elevated ridge – at 73m OD – in an area of gently undulating pastureland and was bounded to the north by the River Tolka. Approximately half of the site was excavated. The primary enclosure at Castlefarm, constructed sometime between the mid-fifth and midseventh centuries (see below for radiocarbon dates), was D-shaped and had dimensions of approximately 90m by 70m (Fig. 231). The entrance was at the southwest and consisted of an un-dug causeway. Artefacts from the ditch in this phase included a bone knife handle with ring and dot decoration, iron knife blades and copper-alloy ringed pins. Large quantities of animal bone were also associated with this phase. At least seven burials – extended with heads to the west – were associated with Castlefarm’s initial early medieval phase. They were located outside the enclosure in proximity to the causewayed entrance and both adults and children (males and female) were represented in the small group. A well – also external to the enclosure – was associated with this phase. The primary enclosing ditch was re-cut on a number of occasions between the seventh and eighth centuries. Artefacts included dress items such as ringed pins, bone pins and lignite bracelets. Functional items included worked bone and antler as well as a variety of iron knives. The site was considerably enlarged between A.D. 771 and 975 by the construction of an outer enclosure. The D-shaped enclosure was re-cut on its eastern side and the site was expanded to the southwest, west and north. A number of wells were located at the north and west. The new enclosure had dimensions of 110m by 90m. The finds assemblage was comparable to earlier phases and included a variety of dress and functional artefacts. An enclosure annex was constructed at the south of the site and had dimensions of 30m by 20– 25m. The final early medieval modifications to the enclosure occurred between the late eighth and early eleventh centuries. This phase involved a re-cut to the outer enclosure ditch and the incorporation of the enclosure annex. Artefacts included omega pins and penannular brooches and substantial quantities of animal bone were present in the ditch-fills. The latter was present in large quantities throughout the early medieval phases. Later medieval activity was evident through a re-cut of the outer enclosure ditch and smallscale industrial activity within the inner and outer enclosure ditches. Material culture – in the form of artefacts and animal bone – was not present in large quantities during this phase. Apart from deep features such as the wells very little survived internally within the enclosures at Castlefarm. Centuries of agricultural activity have erased any domestic features. Eight large unlined wells – ranging in depth between 1.6–2.5m – were discovered. It is possible that these were related to textile production because numerous sewing needles, 460
Meath spindle whorls, loom beater pins, a weaver’s rubbing stone and a loom weight were recovered from some of the enclosing ditch fills. Small-scale ironworking was evident by the presence of three possible bowl furnaces, a charcoal production pit and the occurrence of iron waste or slag. One of the bowl furnaces was dated to A.D. 564-666 while the charcoal production pit was formed later between A.D. 1035-1225. Evidence for non-ferrous metalworking was also small and included two rough globules of molten copper and a possible copper ingot. Cereal processing was evident in the form of a figure-of-eight-shaped cereal-drying kiln and the fragments of two rotary quern-stones. Charcoal from the second fill of the kin was dated to A.D. 662-828. Three hundred and thirty seven wooden pieces were identified at Castlefarm and they all belonged to the early medieval phases. The most prevalent species were alder and hazel, followed by pomaceous fruitwood and ash. Seven components of stave-built wooden vessels were included in the assemblage and the presence of the blade from a cooper’s croze – which was a specialist woodworking tool – strongly suggests that stave-built wooden vessels were manufactured at Castlefarm. 461
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Page 41 and 42:
Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 53 and 54:
Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Page 63 and 64:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 370 and 371:
Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
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Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
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Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
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Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
Page 426 and 427:
Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
Page 428 and 429:
Louth The north-eastern area within
Page 430 and 431:
Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
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Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
Page 434 and 435:
Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
Page 436 and 437: Louth Archaeological monitoring of
Page 438 and 439: Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
Page 440 and 441: Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
Page 442 and 443: Louth Archaeological investigations
Page 444 and 445: Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 446 and 447: Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
Page 448 and 449: Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
Page 450 and 451: Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 452 and 453: Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
Page 454 and 455: Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
Page 456 and 457: Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459: Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 460 and 461: Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463: Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 464 and 465: Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 466 and 467: Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
Page 468 and 469: Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
Page 470 and 471: Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 472 and 473: Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
Page 474 and 475: Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
Page 476 and 477: Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 478 and 479: Meath possibly a foundation deposit
Page 480 and 481: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 482 and 483: Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
Page 484 and 485: Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 488 and 489: Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
Page 490 and 491: Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 492 and 493: Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495: Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 498 and 499: Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501: Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
Page 502 and 503: Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 504 and 505: Meath bone and finds were few. The
Page 506 and 507: Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 510 and 511: Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 514 and 515: Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 518 and 519: Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521: Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
Page 522 and 523: Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525: Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
Page 526 and 527: Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529: Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531: Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 532 and 533: Meath disturbed burial appeared to
Page 534 and 535: Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
Page 538 and 539:
Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541:
Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 544 and 545:
Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
Page 546 and 547:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 548 and 549:
Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557:
Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559:
Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561:
Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563:
Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 566 and 567:
Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569:
Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571:
Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573:
Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575:
Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577:
Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
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Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
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Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
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Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
Page 584 and 585:
Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587:
Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
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Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591:
Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
Page 592 and 593:
Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
Page 594 and 595:
Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
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Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
Page 598 and 599:
Tipperary saw the building of the p
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Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
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Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
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Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607:
Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619:
Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623:
Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625:
Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627:
Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629:
Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631:
Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633:
Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635:
Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637:
Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639:
Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641:
Waterford Though the archaeological
Page 642 and 643:
Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645:
Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647:
Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651:
Waterford Large amounts of antler a
Page 652 and 653:
Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655:
Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657:
Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 658 and 659:
Waterford A stone metalled entrance
Page 660 and 661:
Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663:
Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665:
Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667:
Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669:
Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
Page 670 and 671:
Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
Page 672 and 673:
Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
Page 674 and 675:
Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
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Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
Page 678 and 679:
Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683:
Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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