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Meath possibly a foundation deposit, revealing the continuation of pagan practices or at least demonstrating a continuation of past traditions or superstitions after the arrival of Christianity. A complex sequence of dividing ditches and gullies, which created small plots, was situated to the north and west of the circular enclosure and mostly within the outer enclosure. Their stratigraphic relationships were difficult to determine and they were also, unfortunately, devoid of datable material and chronologically diagnostic artefacts. The ditches probably functioned as drainage channels and may also have demarcated vegetable and/or cereal plots. It is likely that they were related to the later expansion of the site when the outer enclosure was constructed. Further enclosure activity occurred to the north of the outer enclosure consisting of a northern annex and smaller D-shaped enclosure. The primary fill of the annex ditch was dated to A.D. 564-666 which is earlier than the dates from the outer enclosure. This could be interpreted as an anomaly because the annex ditch respected the outer enclosure. However, it is also possible that this was an external plot or field that was contemporary with the circular enclosure and it was subsequently cut by/appended onto the later outer enclosure. Two oval enclosures were revealed beyond the confines of the outer enclosure. The enclosure to the north – radiocarbon dated to A.D. 383-560 – was oval, with internal dimensions of 8.2m x 5.93m. Two lengths of curving ditch that formed an oval enclosure were situated to the south of the site. This had internal dimensions of 9m by 8.2m. A radiocarbon date of A.D. 530-648 was retrieved from the structure. A cereal-drying kiln was located in the latter and one of the enclosure’s gullies from the former contained charcoal, cereal grains, chaff from cultivated oats and barley as well as weed seeds. It is likely therefore that the enclosures were related to arable activity, such as cereal processing, rather than features that enclosed or defined a dwelling. A total of 29 pits and depressions – many of which were hearths – had evidence of burning either through charcoal-rich fills or oxidisation of clays. Dated examples spanned the fourth until the twelfth centuries and it appears that the majority had a domestic rather than industrial function. The finds assemblage from Baronstown was small. Personal dress items included a ringed pin, nine bone pins, a bird-headed brooch (which dates to the seventh century), a glass bead, a composite bone comb fragment and a fragment of curved tubing from a bracelet. Functional items included iron blades, a needle, a spindle whorl, a spherical lead weight with broken iron attachment and various fragments of unidentifiable objects. Due to the waterlogged nature of the circular enclosure ditch, 308 wooden artefacts were recovered including bucket and barrel staves, a near intact turned wooden bowl and an associated wooden scoop. The nature of the wooden artefacts, often broken or degraded, indicated that the inner enclosure ditch was used as a repository for domestic waste material. Iron slag was also present in a number of contexts although no metallurgical features were present. This suggests that much of the ironworking process occurred off-site but in the proximity to the settlement. Animal bone occurred in large quantities at Baronstown. The three main domesticates of cattle, sheep/goat and pig dominated the faunal assemblage and beef accounted for more than 80% of meat for all phases, with pig being the next most important meat source. No specialised dump areas (associated with activities such as primary butchery or craftwork) were observed. The assemblage would therefore seem to represent the domestic refuse of the site’s inhabitants. 452
Meath Fig. 229: Plan of Baronstown, Co. Meath (after Linnane & Kinsella 2007). 453
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Page 41 and 42:
Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 53 and 54:
Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
Page 67 and 68:
Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Page 85 and 86:
Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
Page 146 and 147:
Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
Page 178 and 179:
Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Page 220 and 221:
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
Page 362 and 363:
Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
Page 366 and 367:
Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 370 and 371:
Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
Page 374 and 375:
Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
Page 408 and 409:
Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 410 and 411:
Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
Page 416 and 417:
Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
Page 420 and 421:
Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
Page 422 and 423:
Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
Page 426 and 427:
Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
Page 428 and 429: Louth The north-eastern area within
Page 430 and 431: Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
Page 432 and 433: Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
Page 434 and 435: Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
Page 436 and 437: Louth Archaeological monitoring of
Page 438 and 439: Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
Page 440 and 441: Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
Page 442 and 443: Louth Archaeological investigations
Page 444 and 445: Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 446 and 447: Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
Page 448 and 449: Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
Page 450 and 451: Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 452 and 453: Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
Page 454 and 455: Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
Page 456 and 457: Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459: Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 460 and 461: Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463: Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 464 and 465: Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 466 and 467: Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
Page 468 and 469: Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
Page 470 and 471: Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 472 and 473: Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
Page 474 and 475: Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
Page 476 and 477: Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 480 and 481: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 482 and 483: Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
Page 484 and 485: Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 486 and 487: Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 488 and 489: Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
Page 490 and 491: Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 492 and 493: Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495: Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 498 and 499: Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501: Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
Page 502 and 503: Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 504 and 505: Meath bone and finds were few. The
Page 506 and 507: Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 510 and 511: Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 514 and 515: Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 518 and 519: Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521: Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
Page 522 and 523: Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525: Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
Page 526 and 527: Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529:
Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531:
Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 532 and 533:
Meath disturbed burial appeared to
Page 534 and 535:
Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
Page 538 and 539:
Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541:
Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 544 and 545:
Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
Page 546 and 547:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 548 and 549:
Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
Page 550 and 551:
Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
Page 552 and 553:
Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557:
Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559:
Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561:
Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563:
Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 566 and 567:
Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569:
Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571:
Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573:
Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575:
Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577:
Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
Page 578 and 579:
Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
Page 580 and 581:
Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
Page 582 and 583:
Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
Page 584 and 585:
Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587:
Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
Page 588 and 589:
Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591:
Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
Page 592 and 593:
Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
Page 594 and 595:
Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
Page 596 and 597:
Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
Page 598 and 599:
Tipperary saw the building of the p
Page 600 and 601:
Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
Page 602 and 603:
Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
Page 604 and 605:
Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607:
Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619:
Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623:
Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625:
Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627:
Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629:
Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631:
Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633:
Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635:
Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637:
Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639:
Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641:
Waterford Though the archaeological
Page 642 and 643:
Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645:
Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647:
Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651:
Waterford Large amounts of antler a
Page 652 and 653:
Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655:
Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657:
Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 658 and 659:
Waterford A stone metalled entrance
Page 660 and 661:
Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663:
Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665:
Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667:
Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669:
Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
Page 670 and 671:
Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
Page 672 and 673:
Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
Page 674 and 675:
Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
Page 676 and 677:
Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
Page 678 and 679:
Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683:
Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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