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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy, Co. Louth Early Medieval Cashel Grid reference: J10141302 (310146/313021) SMR: LH004-050 Excavation Licence No: N/A Excavation duration: September 1940 Site director: Davies, M.A. (OPW) Excavation was undertaken at the upland cashel and hut sites at Lissachiggel, in the townland of Doolargy, as part of the unemployment relief scheme in September 1940. Seventeen hut were recorded within, and abutting, the cashel wall. Based on artefactual and construction evidence, the huts were built during the latter part of the early medieval period and the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries. Those belonging to the early medieval period will be discussed here. The cashel is situated on marshland at 244m OD. A number of unenclosed huts and field systems are evident in the cashel’s surrounding landscape. The cashel was roughly circular and measured approximately 58m east-west by 55m northsouth (Fig. 208). Its wall was constructed with medium to large stones and a core of gravel. It survived to a height of 1.8m. Evidence for a palisade was suggested by dark patches on the wall, 3.6m apart, which contrasted with the rubble-fill. Posts, 15cm in diameter, may have been positioned along the wall top to form the palisade. Evidence for a surrounding ditch was identified to the north and east of the wall. An entrance, bounded by upright blocks, was noted to the south and was 0.9m wide. Finds around the entrance included charcoal, three flints, half a blue glass bead and two pottery sherds (probably souterrain ware). Pottery sherds are recorded from the majority of structures and are described as coarse wares. It is likely that the majority represent hand-made souterrain ware vessels. Davies classified the huts under a number of headings – 1. Clustered huts in the interior: A (North and South), B (East and West), C (East and West) 2. Isolated huts in the interior: B (South), D 3. Huts that abutted the cashel wall and yielded no burnt bone: E, K, N, O 4. Huts that abutted the cashel wall and yielded lots of burnt bone: F, G, H, I, L (Fig. 209). Group 4 will not be discussed as they are probably later and may date to the seventeenth or eighteenth century. Most of group 3, except for E, are also probably later additions. The remaining huts were most likely built during the early medieval period but it is not known if all were contemporary with the construction of the cashel or if they represent a number of occupation phases (Fig. 1). Hut A North was circular and measured approximately 1.4m in diameter. The walls were two stones thick and the entrance was probably located to the north-east. The south end of the hut was paved with rough slabs and an occupation layer (consisting of charcoal and nine coarse pottery sherds) was concentrated on the lower side probably as a result of the hut’s sloping floor. Hut A South, connected to Hut A North, was a little over 3m in diameter. It had a hearth towards the centre and a large boulder bedded in the natural to the west may have functioned as a seat. An area of paving was recorded to the east. Charcoal and artefacts, including pottery fragments and flint chips, were discovered. Hut B East measured about 3.5m squared and was one of the largest buildings in the cashel. The walls were formed with large uprights and an entrance may have been located to the west. Two hearths were centrally placed and charcoal was evident in large quantities around them. Hazelnut shells, burnt bone and burnt flint chips were found within the fire debris and other finds included possible flint tools and coarse pottery fragments. Hut B West was connected to the eastern hut. It was roughly rectangular and measured 1.8m by 2.4m. The 412
Louth southern entrance was marked by three upright jambs. Charcoal and some small pottery fragments were discovered in the southern part of the structure. Hut C East was circular and had a diameter of 3.6m. The door was to the south and was flanked by two small jambs. A hearth was centrally placed and there were internal irregular traces of cobbling. Further indications of occupation included quantities of charcoal, fragments of a lignite bracelet, seven flint tools, an iron object and coarse pottery sherds. Hut C West was smaller and had a diameter of 2.3m. The entrance was similalrly to the south and a hearth was present centrally. Finds included charcoal, hazelnut shells, an iron knife, a flint (possibly a scraper) and small pottery sherds. Huts’ B and D were described by Davies as isolated huts within the cashel. Hut B South was roughly circular and had a diameter of 1.8m. A door, flanked by two jambs, was located to the south-east and it was paved with small stones. Charcoal and pottery sherds were the only finds. Hut D was very small and had a diameter of 1m. Charcoal was present in good quantities and a glass bead was recovered from the burnt earth. No entrance was evident. Hut E was constructed against the cashel’s inner wall. It was irregularly shaped and a small bench may have been situated in the west wall. A hearth was centrally placed and the floor was roughly paved. Finds from the hut included charcoal, two pieces of iron, flint tools (some probable strike-a-lights) and pottery sherds. Lissachiggel was probably constructed between the seventh and tenth centuries based on dating evidence for early medieval settlement enclosures (both earth and stone) and the presence of possible souterrain ware. Davies had identified two main periods of hut use/construction dating to the early and post medieval periods. It appears, based on the cashel’s upland location, above the productive agricultural soils, and the paucity of finds, that Lissachiggel was a low-status transhumance settlement which was utilised during the summer months. Fig. 208: Plan of interior of Lissachiggel, Co. Louth, showing houses (after Davies 1937-40, 212). 413
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Page 63 and 64:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
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Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
Page 388 and 389: Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
Page 390 and 391: Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
Page 392 and 393: Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
Page 394 and 395: Limerick house which utilized the t
Page 396 and 397: Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
Page 398 and 399: Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
Page 400 and 401: Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
Page 402 and 403: Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
Page 404 and 405: Limerick about thirty). The last th
Page 406 and 407: Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
Page 408 and 409: Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 410 and 411: Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
Page 412 and 413: Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
Page 414 and 415: Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
Page 416 and 417: Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
Page 418 and 419: Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
Page 420 and 421: Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
Page 422 and 423: Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
Page 424 and 425: Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
Page 426 and 427: Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
Page 428 and 429: Louth The north-eastern area within
Page 430 and 431: Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
Page 432 and 433: Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
Page 434 and 435: Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
Page 436 and 437: Louth Archaeological monitoring of
Page 440 and 441: Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
Page 442 and 443: Louth Archaeological investigations
Page 444 and 445: Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 446 and 447: Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
Page 448 and 449: Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
Page 450 and 451: Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 452 and 453: Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
Page 454 and 455: Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
Page 456 and 457: Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459: Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 460 and 461: Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463: Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 464 and 465: Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 466 and 467: Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
Page 468 and 469: Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
Page 470 and 471: Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 472 and 473: Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
Page 474 and 475: Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
Page 476 and 477: Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 478 and 479: Meath possibly a foundation deposit
Page 480 and 481: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 482 and 483: Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
Page 484 and 485: Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 486 and 487: Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 488 and 489:
Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 492 and 493:
Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495:
Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 496 and 497:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 498 and 499:
Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501:
Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath bone and finds were few. The
Page 506 and 507:
Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521:
Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
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Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525:
Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
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Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529:
Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531:
Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 532 and 533:
Meath disturbed burial appeared to
Page 534 and 535:
Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
Page 538 and 539:
Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541:
Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 544 and 545:
Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
Page 552 and 553:
Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557:
Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559:
Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561:
Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563:
Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 566 and 567:
Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569:
Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571:
Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573:
Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575:
Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577:
Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
Page 578 and 579:
Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
Page 580 and 581:
Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
Page 582 and 583:
Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
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Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587:
Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
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Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591:
Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
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Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
Page 594 and 595:
Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
Page 596 and 597:
Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
Page 598 and 599:
Tipperary saw the building of the p
Page 600 and 601:
Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
Page 602 and 603:
Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
Page 604 and 605:
Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607:
Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619:
Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623:
Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625:
Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627:
Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629:
Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631:
Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633:
Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635:
Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637:
Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639:
Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641:
Waterford Though the archaeological
Page 642 and 643:
Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645:
Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647:
Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651:
Waterford Large amounts of antler a
Page 652 and 653:
Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655:
Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657:
Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 658 and 659:
Waterford A stone metalled entrance
Page 660 and 661:
Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663:
Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665:
Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667:
Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669:
Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
Page 670 and 671:
Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
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Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
Page 674 and 675:
Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
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Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
Page 678 and 679:
Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683:
Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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