OCCIPITAL NEURALGIA AND HEADACHE - Health Plan of Nevada
OCCIPITAL NEURALGIA AND HEADACHE - Health Plan of Nevada
OCCIPITAL NEURALGIA AND HEADACHE - Health Plan of Nevada
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<strong>OCCIPITAL</strong> <strong>NEURALGIA</strong> <strong>AND</strong> <strong>HEADACHE</strong><br />
Protocol: NEU027<br />
Effective Date: June 13, 2011<br />
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
Page<br />
COMMERCIAL COVERAGE RATIONALE......................................................................................... 1<br />
MEDICARE & MEDICAID COVERAGE RATIONALE...................................................................... 2<br />
BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 4<br />
CLINICAL EVIDENCE........................................................................................................................... 5<br />
U.S. FOOD <strong>AND</strong> DRUG ADMINISTRATION.................................................................................... 14<br />
APPLICABLE CODES.......................................................................................................................... 15<br />
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 16<br />
PROTOCOL HISTORY/REVISION INFORMATION ........................................................................ 21<br />
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE<br />
This protocol provides assistance in interpreting United<strong>Health</strong>care benefit plans. When deciding<br />
coverage, the enrollee specific document must be referenced. The terms <strong>of</strong> an enrollee's document<br />
(e.g., Certificate <strong>of</strong> Coverage (COC) or Evidence <strong>of</strong> Coverage (EOC)) may differ greatly. In the event<br />
<strong>of</strong> a conflict, the enrollee's specific benefit document supersedes this protocol. All reviewers must first<br />
identify enrollee eligibility, any federal or state regulatory requirements and the plan benefit coverage<br />
prior to use <strong>of</strong> this Protocol. Other Protocols, Policies and Coverage Determination Guidelines may<br />
apply. United<strong>Health</strong>care reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to modify its Protocols, Policies and<br />
Guidelines as necessary. This protocol is provided for informational purposes. It does not constitute<br />
medical advice.<br />
COMMERCIAL COVERAGE RATIONALE<br />
Injection <strong>of</strong> local anesthetics and/or steroids, used as occipital nerve blocks, is not medically<br />
necessary for the diagnosis and treatment <strong>of</strong> occipital neuralgia or headaches including migraine and<br />
cervicogenic headaches. There is insufficient evidence that occipital nerve blocks can be used as a<br />
specific diagnostic test for occipital neuralgia or headaches. The efficacy <strong>of</strong> local injection therapies<br />
for occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache and other headaches has not been established in well<br />
designed clinical trials.<br />
Surgery including but not limited to the following is not medically necessary for the treatment <strong>of</strong><br />
occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache:<br />
1. Occipital neurectomy, or<br />
2. Partial posterior intradural C1-C3 rhizotomy, or<br />
3. Rhizotomy <strong>of</strong> C1-C3 spinal dorsal roots, or<br />
4. Surgical decompression <strong>of</strong> second cervical nerve root and ganglion, or<br />
5. Surgical decompression <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerve.<br />
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The available evidence is insufficient to conclude that surgery is an effective treatment for occipital<br />
neuralgia or cervicogenic headache. The long-term efficacy <strong>of</strong> surgical procedures for occipital<br />
neuralgia or cervicogenic headache has not been established in well designed clinical trials.<br />
Occipital neurectomy or surgical nerve decompression is not medically necessary for the<br />
treatment <strong>of</strong> headaches. The available evidence is insufficient to conclude that occipital neurectomy or<br />
nerve decompression including decompression <strong>of</strong> the supraorbital, supratrochlear,<br />
zygomaticotemporal, or greater occipital nerves is an effective treatment for headaches. The long-term<br />
efficacy <strong>of</strong> these procedures for headaches has not been established in well designed clinical trials.<br />
Radi<strong>of</strong>requency ablation or denervation is not medically necessary for the treatment <strong>of</strong> occipital<br />
neuralgia or cervicogenic headache. The available evidence from published studies is not sufficient to<br />
conclude that radi<strong>of</strong>requency ablation or denervation is an effective treatment for occipital neuralgia or<br />
cervicogenic headache. Well-designed studies are needed to evaluate the potential advantages <strong>of</strong><br />
radi<strong>of</strong>requency ablation for these conditions and to identify which patients would benefit from this<br />
procedure.<br />
Neurostimulation or electrical stimulation <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerve is not medically necessary for the<br />
treatment <strong>of</strong> occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache. The available studies were limited and had<br />
significant methodological flaws, making it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the efficacy <strong>of</strong><br />
electrical stimulation for the treatment <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic headache or occipital neuralgia. There are no<br />
randomized controlled studies in the medical literature comparing occipital neurostimulation to<br />
established treatment options or a sham procedure.<br />
MEDICARE & MEDICAID COVERAGE RATIONALE<br />
Medicare does not have a National Coverage Determination for the Treatment <strong>of</strong> Occipital Neuralgia<br />
and Cervicogenic Headache. There is a Local Coverage Determination for <strong>Nevada</strong> for Blocks and<br />
Destruction <strong>of</strong> Somatic and Sympathetic Nerves. The Local Coverage Determination is as follows:<br />
Nerve Blocks:<br />
Nerve blocks cause the temporary interruption <strong>of</strong> conduction <strong>of</strong> impulses in peripheral nerves or nerve<br />
trunks by the injection <strong>of</strong> local anesthetic solutions. Somatic and sympathetic nerves may be injected.<br />
They can be performed for several reasons:<br />
• Diagnostic - to determine the source <strong>of</strong> pain e.g., to identify or pinpoint a nerve that acts as a<br />
pathway for pain; to determine the type <strong>of</strong> nerve that conducts the pain; to distinguish between<br />
pain that is central (within the spinal cord) or peripheral (outside the spinal cord) in origin; or to<br />
determine whether a neurolytic block or surgical lysis <strong>of</strong> the nerve should be performed. The<br />
type <strong>of</strong> diagnostic test may include injecting saline to simulate pain, or injecting an anesthetic<br />
agent to evaluate the patient's response, as an initial diagnostic step so that other pain relief<br />
options may be considered.<br />
• Therapeutic - to treat painful conditions that respond to nerve blocks (e.g., celiac block for pain<br />
<strong>of</strong> pancreatic cancer).<br />
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• Prognostic - to predict the outcome <strong>of</strong> long-lasting interventions (e.g., infusions, neurolyis,<br />
rhizotomy).<br />
• Preemptive - to prevent pain following procedures.<br />
Nerve blocks may be used intraoperatively to prevent pain <strong>of</strong> the procedure, diagnostically to ascertain<br />
cause <strong>of</strong> pain, or therapeutically to relieve chronic pain. Blocks are useful in a variety <strong>of</strong> circulatory<br />
and neuropathic syndromes.<br />
It is considered to be prudent and good medical practice to evaluate the patient thoroughly and to<br />
provide the modality most likely to establish or treat the presumptive diagnosis. If the first procedure<br />
fails to produce the desired effect and rules out certain possibilities, then the next logical procedure is<br />
performed. For example, providing epidural blocks, facet joint blocks, sacroiliac joint injections and<br />
lumbar sympathetic blocks on the same day is considered reasonable and necessary only in rare cases.<br />
It would be expected that the least invasive modality should be tried first, advancing to more invasive<br />
modalities, if needed.<br />
Surgeon administered nerve blocks provided as anesthesia services are considered part <strong>of</strong> the global<br />
surgical procedure and are not reimbursed separately.<br />
Nerve blocks are indicated in patients who are not adequately controlled by appropriate doses <strong>of</strong><br />
medications or who are refractory to medical therapy.<br />
Usually, up to three injections or three sets <strong>of</strong> injections in any given 60-day period are sufficient for a<br />
course <strong>of</strong> treatment. If additional nerve blocks are given, then documentation supporting the necessity<br />
must be in the clinical record.<br />
Steroids are <strong>of</strong>ten included and injected for anti-inflammatory effects. Consideration should be given<br />
to the cumulative dose injected and limitations made to avoid steroid complications.<br />
Nerve Destruction:<br />
Surgically induced lesions <strong>of</strong> nerve tracts, which involve the destruction <strong>of</strong> nerve tissue, are primarily<br />
indicated for controlling the chronic or acute pain arising from conditions such as terminal cancer or<br />
lumbar degenerative arthritis. Induced lesions <strong>of</strong> nerve tracts may be produced by surgically cutting the<br />
nerve (rhizolysis), chemical destruction <strong>of</strong> the nerve, or by the creation <strong>of</strong> a radi<strong>of</strong>requency lesion.<br />
This A/B MAC has determined that program payment will be made for chemical, surgical, and radio<br />
frequency destruction <strong>of</strong> a nerve.<br />
The medical record must contain documentation indicating the reason for the procedure, a description<br />
<strong>of</strong> the procedure performed, and the method <strong>of</strong> destruction used. Medical review will determine if the<br />
procedure performed is medically reasonable and necessary. The payment or denial will coincide with<br />
the current standard <strong>of</strong> medical practice.<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 3 <strong>of</strong> 21
For Medicare and Medicaid Determinations Related to States Outside <strong>of</strong> <strong>Nevada</strong>:<br />
Please review Local Coverage Determinations that apply to other states outside <strong>of</strong> <strong>Nevada</strong>.<br />
http://www.cms.hhs.gov/mcd/search<br />
Important Note: Please also review local carrier Web sites in addition to the Medicare Coverage<br />
database on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Website.<br />
BACKGROUND<br />
Cervicogenic headache and occipital neuralgia are conditions whose diagnosis and treatment have been<br />
gradually refined over the last several years. This terminology has come to refer to specific types <strong>of</strong><br />
unilateral headache thought to arise from impingement or entrapment <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerves and/or the<br />
upper spinal vertebrae. Compression and injury <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerves within the muscles <strong>of</strong> the neck<br />
and compression <strong>of</strong> the second and third cervical nerve roots are generally felt to be responsible for the<br />
symptoms, including unilateral and occasionally bilateral head, neck, and arm pain. The criteria for<br />
diagnosis <strong>of</strong> these entities currently include those <strong>of</strong> the International Headache Society (IHS) and the<br />
Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group.<br />
Various treatments have been advocated for cervicogenic headache and occipital neuralgia. Oral<br />
analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents are effective for some patients, but there is a population <strong>of</strong><br />
patients who do not experience pain relief with these medications. Local injections, epidural steroid<br />
injections, radi<strong>of</strong>requency ablation <strong>of</strong> the planum nuchae, electrical stimulation, rhizotomy,<br />
ganglionectomy, nerve root decompression, discectomy and spinal fusion have all been investigated in<br />
the treatment <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic headache and occipital neuralgia.<br />
Since medications provide only temporary relief and may cause side effects, surgical treatments such<br />
as occipital neuroectomy and nerve decompression for migraine and other headaches have been<br />
developed as a potential means to permanently prevent or to produce long-term remissions from<br />
headaches.<br />
Radi<strong>of</strong>requency ablation is performed percutaneously. During the procedure, an electrode that<br />
generates heat produced by radio waves is used to create a lesion in a sensory nerve with the intent <strong>of</strong><br />
inhibiting transmission <strong>of</strong> pain signal from the sensory nerve to the brain.<br />
Neurostimulation or electrical stimulation is commonly used for control <strong>of</strong> chronic pain. Electrical<br />
stimulation can be delivered in 3 ways: transcutaneously, percutaneously, and using implantable<br />
devices.<br />
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CLINICAL EVIDENCE<br />
Diagnostic Occipital Nerve Blocks<br />
Greater occipital nerve blocks have been advocated as a diagnostic test for cervicogenic headache and<br />
occipital neuralgia. However, criteria and standards for diagnostic occipital nerve blocks remain to be<br />
defined. There are no well-designed clinical trials that clearly indicate that injection <strong>of</strong> the greater<br />
occipital nerve can be used as a specific diagnostic test for headaches and occipital neuralgia.<br />
The diagnostic value <strong>of</strong> greater occipital and supra-orbital nerve blockades in patients with<br />
cervicogenic headache (n=24), migraine without aura (n=14), and tension-type headache (n=14) was<br />
investigated. The pain reduction after greater occipital nerve blockade was significantly more marked<br />
in the cervicogenic headache group than in the other categories. Moreover, pain reduction in the<br />
forehead was generally only found in the cervicogenic headache patients (77%). Pain reduction was<br />
significantly more marked following the greater occipital than the supra-orbital nerve blockade. The<br />
volume effect per se was evaluated by saline injection. This procedure did not result in distinct pain<br />
reduction. The effect obtained in cervicogenic headache is, accordingly, probably due to the local<br />
anaesthesia. The present results support the postulate that different pathogenetic factors probably are<br />
responsible for cervicogenic headache, tension-type headache, and migraine without aura (Bovim and<br />
Sand 1992).<br />
According to the International Headache Society, the diagnostic criteria for cervicogenic headache<br />
include the following (2005):<br />
A. Pain, referred from a source in the neck and perceived in one or more regions <strong>of</strong> the head<br />
and/or face, fulfilling criteria C and D<br />
B. Clinical, laboratory and/or imaging evidence <strong>of</strong> a disorder or lesion within the cervical spine or<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t tissues <strong>of</strong> the neck known to be, or generally accepted as, a valid cause <strong>of</strong> headache<br />
C. Evidence that the pain can be attributed to the neck disorder or lesion based on at least one <strong>of</strong><br />
the following:<br />
1) demonstration <strong>of</strong> clinical signs that implicate a source <strong>of</strong> pain in the neck<br />
2) abolition <strong>of</strong> headache following diagnostic blockade <strong>of</strong> a cervical structure or its nerve<br />
supply using placebo- or other adequate controls<br />
D. Pain resolves within 3 months after successful treatment <strong>of</strong> the causative disorder or lesion.<br />
According to the International Headache Society, the diagnostic criteria for occipital neuralgia include<br />
the following (2005):<br />
A. Paroxysmal stabbing pain, with or without persistent aching between paroxysms, in the<br />
distribution(s) <strong>of</strong> the greater, lesser and/or third occipital nerves<br />
B. Tenderness over the affected nerve<br />
C. Pain is eased temporarily by local anaesthetic block <strong>of</strong> the nerve<br />
Therapeutic Occipital Nerve Blocks<br />
Cervicogenic Headache<br />
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Naja et al. (2006a) evaluated the effectiveness<br />
<strong>of</strong> nerve stimulator-guided occipital nerve blockade in the treatment <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic headache. The<br />
reduction in analgesic consumption was the primary outcome measure. Fifty adult patients diagnosed<br />
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with cervicogenic headache were randomly divided into two equal groups <strong>of</strong> 25 patients each. All<br />
patients in both groups received greater and lesser occipital blocks, whereas only 16 patients in each<br />
group received facial nerve blockade in association with the occipital blocks. The control group<br />
received injections <strong>of</strong> an equivalent volume <strong>of</strong> preservative-free normal saline. Pain was assessed using<br />
the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Total Pain Index (TPI). Forty-seven patients entered into the<br />
final analysis as three patients were lost to follow-up. Anesthetic block was effective in reducing the<br />
VAS and the TPI by approximately 50% from baseline values. Analgesic consumption, duration <strong>of</strong><br />
headache and its frequency, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, decreased appetite, and<br />
limitations in functional activities were significantly less in block group compared to control group.<br />
The nerve stimulator-guided occipital nerve blockade significantly relieved cervicogenic headache and<br />
associated symptoms at two weeks following injection. This study is limited by a small sample size.<br />
Another major limitation <strong>of</strong> the study is the short duration <strong>of</strong> follow-up. The patients included in the<br />
study were followed for 2 weeks, so long-term outcome was not evaluated. The difficulty in blinding<br />
when numbness resulted in patients who received anesthetic blockade is another limitation <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study. In a follow-up trial, the same group evaluated 47 patients with cervicogenic headaches and<br />
found that 87% <strong>of</strong> the patients required more than one occipital nerve injection to achieve 6 months <strong>of</strong><br />
pain relief (Naja, 2006).<br />
Inan et al. (2001) compared the greater occipital nerve (GON) and C2/C3 nerve blocks in the diagnosis<br />
and treatment <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic headache in 28 patients. In both cases, repeated blocks proved to have a<br />
long-lasting effect in the treatment <strong>of</strong> this disorder, with both GON and C2/C3 blocks being found to<br />
be equally effective. This study is limited by a small sample size.<br />
In a prospective case series, injections <strong>of</strong> depot methylprednisolone into the region <strong>of</strong> the GON and<br />
lesser occipital nerve (LON) produced complete relief <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic headache in 169 out <strong>of</strong> 180<br />
patients for a period ranging from 10 to 77 days, the mean duration <strong>of</strong> relief being 23.5 days. This<br />
study is nonrandomized and uncontrolled, limiting the validity <strong>of</strong> its conclusions. (Anthony, 2000).<br />
Martelletti et al. (1998) compared the results <strong>of</strong> 9 patients with cervicogenic headaches who received<br />
epidural steroid injections and 6 patients with chronic tension headaches who received the same<br />
procedure. A decrease in the Numeric Intensity Scale and the Drug Consumption Index were observed<br />
in the cervicogenic headache patients.<br />
Weibelt et al. (2010) evaluated the safety and efficacy <strong>of</strong> occipital nerve blocks (ONBs) used to treat<br />
cervicogenic chronic migraine (CCM) and identified variables predictive <strong>of</strong> a positive treatment<br />
response. A positive treatment outcome was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in headache days<br />
per month over the 30 days following treatment relative to the 30-day pretreatment baseline. A total <strong>of</strong><br />
150 consecutive patients were treated with unilateral (37) or bilateral (113) ONBs. At the 1-month<br />
follow-up visit, 78 (52%) exhibited evidence <strong>of</strong> a positive treatment response according to the primary<br />
outcome variable, and 90 (60%) reported their headache disorder to be "better" (44; 29%) or "much<br />
better" (46; 30%). A total <strong>of</strong> 8 (5%) patients reported adverse events within the ensuing 72 hours, and 3<br />
(2%) experienced adverse events that reversed spontaneously but required emergent evaluation and<br />
management. The investigators concluded that for suppression <strong>of</strong> CCM, ONBs may <strong>of</strong>fer an attractive<br />
alternative to orally administered prophylactic therapy. This study lacked a control group and the data<br />
used for analyzing the primary outcome variable were partially dependent on patient recall. Both recall<br />
bias and placebo effect could have inflated the response rate.<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 6 <strong>of</strong> 21
Other Headaches<br />
Ashkenazi et al. (2010) performed a systematic review <strong>of</strong> peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) and trigger<br />
point injections (TPIs) for headache treatment. The authors found few controlled studies on the<br />
efficacy <strong>of</strong> PNBs for headaches, and virtually none on the use <strong>of</strong> TPIs for headaches. The most widely<br />
examined procedure in this setting was greater occipital nerve block, with the majority <strong>of</strong> studies being<br />
small and non-controlled. The techniques, as well as the type and doses <strong>of</strong> local anesthetics used for<br />
nerve blockade, varied greatly among studies. The specific conditions treated also varied, and included<br />
both primary (e.g., migraine, cluster headache) and secondary (e.g., cervicogenic, posttraumatic)<br />
headache disorders. According to the authors, results for PNBs were generally positive, but should be<br />
taken with reservation given the methodological limitations <strong>of</strong> the available studies. These limitations<br />
included small patient populations, retrospective, non-controlled designs, and heterogeneous groups <strong>of</strong><br />
patients.. The authors concluded that there is a need to perform more rigorous clinical trials to clarify<br />
the role <strong>of</strong> PNBs and TPIs in the management <strong>of</strong> various headache disorders, and to aim at<br />
standardizing the techniques used for the various procedures in this setting.<br />
In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Ambrosini et al. (2005) assessed the preventive effect <strong>of</strong> an<br />
ipsilateral steroid injection in the region <strong>of</strong> the greater occipital nerve on cluster headache (CH).<br />
Sixteen episodic (ECH) and seven chronic (CCH) CH outpatients were included. After a one-week<br />
run-in period, patients were allocated by randomization to the placebo or verum acupuncture arms and<br />
received on the side <strong>of</strong> attacks a suboccipital injection <strong>of</strong> a mixture <strong>of</strong> long- and rapid-acting<br />
betamethasone (n=13; verum-group) or physiological saline (n=10; placebo-group). Acute treatment<br />
was allowed at any time, additional preventative therapy if attacks persisted after 1 week. Three<br />
investigators performed the injections, while four others, blinded to group allocation, followed the<br />
patients. Follow-up visits were after 1 and 4 weeks, where after patients were followed routinely.<br />
Eleven verum-group patients (3 CCH) (85%) became attack-free in the first week after the injection<br />
compared to none in the placebo-group. Among them eight remained attack-free for 4 weeks.<br />
Remission lasted between 4 and 26 months in five patients. According to the investigators, a single<br />
suboccipital steroid injection completely suppressed attacks in more than 80% <strong>of</strong> CH patients. A<br />
limitation <strong>of</strong> this study is small sample size.<br />
Busch et al. (2007) evaluated the clinical outcome in 15 chronic cluster headache patients before and<br />
after unilateral nerve blockade <strong>of</strong> the greater occipital nerve with 5 ml prilocain (1%) on the headache<br />
side. Nine <strong>of</strong> the 15 cluster patients reported some minor improvement in their headache. Six patients<br />
did not report any clinical change. Peres et al. (2002) treated 14 cluster headache patients with greater<br />
occipital nerve block as transitional therapy (treatment initiated at the same time as preventive<br />
therapy). The mean number <strong>of</strong> headache-free days was 13.1 + 23.6. Four patients (28.5%) had a good<br />
response, five (35.7%) a moderate, and five (35.7%) no response. Headache intensity, frequency and<br />
duration were significantly decreased comparing the week before with the week after the nerve block.<br />
These studies are limited by small sample size and lack <strong>of</strong> control groups.<br />
Saper et al. (2010) conducted a multicenter, randomized, blinded, controlled feasibility study to obtain<br />
preliminary safety and efficacy data on occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) in chronic migraine (CM).<br />
Eligible individuals received an occipital nerve block, and responders were randomized to adjustable<br />
stimulation (AS), preset stimulation (PS) or medical management (MM) groups. Seventy-five <strong>of</strong> 110<br />
patients were assigned to a treatment group; complete diary data were available for 66. A responder<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 7 <strong>of</strong> 21
was defined as a subject who achieved a 50% or greater reduction in number <strong>of</strong> headache days per<br />
month or a three-point or greater reduction in average overall pain intensity compared with baseline.<br />
Three-month responder rates were 39% for AS, 6% for PS and 0% for MM. No unanticipated adverse<br />
device events occurred. Lead migration occurred in 12 <strong>of</strong> 51 (24%) patients. The investigators<br />
concluded that the results <strong>of</strong> this feasibility study <strong>of</strong>fer promise and should prompt further controlled<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> ONS in CM.<br />
In a randomized controlled study, Ashkenazi et al. (2008) examined the effect <strong>of</strong> greater occipital<br />
nerve block (GONB) and trigger-point injections (TPIs) on headache in patients with transformed<br />
migraine (TM). Thirty- seven patients with TM were randomized to receive GONB and TPIs using<br />
lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.5% plus either saline or triamcinolone 40 mg. Twenty minutes after<br />
injection, there was a significant decrease in the severity <strong>of</strong> headache and associated symptoms in both<br />
groups, with no significant between-group difference in the majority <strong>of</strong> outcome measures (the<br />
exception was the decrease in phonophobia that was more pronounced in the group that received<br />
triamcinolone with the local anesthetics). These findings require confirmation in a larger study.<br />
Saracco et al. (2010) assessed whether adding triamcinolone to local anaesthetics increased the<br />
efficacy <strong>of</strong> greater occipital nerve block (GONB) and trigger point injections (TPIs) for chronic<br />
migraine. Thirty-seven patients with chronic migraine were randomized to receive GONB and TPIs<br />
using lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.5% plus either saline (group A) or triamcinolone 40 mg (group<br />
B). Patients documented headache and severity <strong>of</strong> associated symptoms for 4 weeks after injection.<br />
Changes in symptom severity were compared between the two groups. Twenty minutes after injection,<br />
mean headache severity decreased by 3.2 points in group A and by 3.1 points in group B. Mean neck<br />
pain severity decreased by 1.5 points in group A and by 1.7 points in group B. Mean duration <strong>of</strong> being<br />
headache-free was 2.7 +/- 3.8 days in group A and 1.0 +/- 1.1 days in group B. None <strong>of</strong> the outcome<br />
measures differed significantly between the two groups. According to the investigators, adding<br />
triamcinolone to local anaesthetic when performing GONB and TPIs was not associated with improved<br />
outcome in the sample <strong>of</strong> patients with chronic migraine. In both groups, the procedure resulted in<br />
significant and rapid relief <strong>of</strong> headache, neck pain, and photophobia. The study is limited by a small<br />
sample size and lack <strong>of</strong> a control therapy.<br />
Afridi et al. (2006) found that 26 <strong>of</strong> 57 injections in 54 migraineurs yielded a complete or partial<br />
response that lasted for the partial response a median <strong>of</strong> 30 days. For cluster headache 13 <strong>of</strong> 22<br />
injections yielded a complete or partial response lasting for a median <strong>of</strong> 21 days for the partial<br />
response. Tenderness over the GON was strongly predictive <strong>of</strong> outcome, although local anesthesia<br />
after the injection was not. The presence or absence <strong>of</strong> medication overuse did not predict outcome.<br />
The investigators concluded that GON injection is a useful tool in some patients that provides interim<br />
relief while other approaches are explored.<br />
Naja et al. (2009) also conducted a prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparison between<br />
bilateral occipital blockade and conventional expectant therapy in adults suffering from postdural<br />
puncture headache (PDPH). Fifty adult patients diagnosed with PDPH were randomly divided into two<br />
equal groups <strong>of</strong> 25 each. All patients in the block group received greater and lesser occipital nerve<br />
blocks, whereas the control group received adequate hydration, complete bed rest, and analgesics.<br />
Forty-seven patients entered into the final analysis as three patients withdrew from study. Complete<br />
pain relief was achieved in 68.4% <strong>of</strong> block patients after 1 to 2 blocks, with 31.6% ultimately receiving<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 8 <strong>of</strong> 21
up to 4 blocks. Visual analog scales were significantly lower in the block group, and the block group<br />
consumed significantly less analgesics in the follow-up period compared with control group. Block<br />
patients had significantly shorter hospital stays and sick leave periods. The investigators concluded that<br />
occipital nerve blockade is superior to expectant conservative therapy in the treatment <strong>of</strong> patients<br />
suffering from PDPH.<br />
Tobin et al. (2009) conducted a chart review <strong>of</strong> 108 occipital nerve blocks (ONBs). ONB failed in 22%<br />
<strong>of</strong> injections overall. Of the other 78%, the mean decrease in head pain was 83%, and the benefit lasted<br />
a mean <strong>of</strong> 6.6 weeks. Failure rate without symptomatic medication overuse (SMO) was 16% overall,<br />
and with SMO was 44% overall. In those who did respond, overall magnitude and duration <strong>of</strong> response<br />
did not differ between those with and those without SMO. Without SMO, ONB failure rate was 0% for<br />
postconcussive syndrome, 14% for occipital neuralgia, 11% for non-intractable migraine, and 39% for<br />
intractable migraine. With SMO, failure rate increased by 24% in occipital neuralgia, by 36% for all<br />
migraine, and by 52% for non-intractable migraine. The investigators concluded that SMO tripled the<br />
risk <strong>of</strong> ONB failure, possibly because medication overuse headache does not respond to ONB.<br />
In an open pilot study, Leinisch-Dahlke et al. (2005) investigated the effect <strong>of</strong> bilateral block <strong>of</strong> the<br />
greater occipital nerve with 50 mg prilocaine and 4 mg dexamethasone in patients with chronic tension<br />
type headache. From 15 patients, only one patient described a headache relief after initial exacerbation<br />
<strong>of</strong> headache for 2 days. Headache intensity was unchanged in 11 patients. In three patients, the<br />
headache worsened in the first hours or days after injection. The investigators concluded that a block<br />
<strong>of</strong> the greater occipital nerve is not effective in the treatment <strong>of</strong> chronic tension type headache.<br />
Other studies have been performed that indicate that greater occipital nerve blocks may be an effective<br />
treatment for patients with migraine and postconcussive headaches; however, these studies had small<br />
sample sizes and did not have control groups (Young, 2008; Akin, 2008; Caputi, 1997; Hecht, 2004;<br />
Ashkenazi, 2005).<br />
Surgical Treatment<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> different surgical procedures have been studied for the treatment <strong>of</strong> occipital neuralgia<br />
and cervicogenic headache. Bovim et al. (1992) investigated the immediate and long-term results <strong>of</strong><br />
surgical release <strong>of</strong> the greater occipital nerve within the trapezius for treatment <strong>of</strong> patients who had<br />
previously had relief <strong>of</strong> the symptoms <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic headache with nerve blockade. Of 50 patients<br />
responding to a questionnaire sent to 58 patients, 46% reported immediate relief and 36% reported<br />
some immediate improvement. However, after a mean follow-up <strong>of</strong> 14.5 months, only 56% <strong>of</strong> patients<br />
felt that the procedure had been beneficial. The authors recommended further investigation into the<br />
efficacy <strong>of</strong> alternative procedures.<br />
Pikus and Phillips (1996) performed a total <strong>of</strong> 39 microsurgical decompression procedures <strong>of</strong> the C2<br />
root and ganglion in 35 patients who met diagnostic criteria for cervicogenic headache. Long-term<br />
pain-free outcome (assessed after a mean <strong>of</strong> 21 months) was achieved by 33% <strong>of</strong> patients. Another<br />
46% <strong>of</strong> patients reported adequate relief, while 21% had recurrence <strong>of</strong> pain at an average <strong>of</strong> 18 months<br />
after surgery. No specific prognostic characteristics were discernible from the analysis performed on<br />
the patient population.<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 9 <strong>of</strong> 21
Jansen (2000) reported on the results <strong>of</strong> three different surgical treatments in 102 patients with<br />
cervicogenic headache that had been nonresponsive to physical or drug therapy. Thirty-eight patients<br />
were treated with C2 ganglionectomy, and 64 patients with demonstrable spinal structural<br />
abnormalities were treated with dorsal or ventral spinal decompression and fusion. Complete relief <strong>of</strong><br />
pain was reported by 80% <strong>of</strong> the entire group, and 60% to 80% relief was experienced by about 15% <strong>of</strong><br />
patients. Six percent <strong>of</strong> patients experienced no relief <strong>of</strong> pain.<br />
In a study conducted by Kapoor et al. (2003), 17 patients with occipital neuralgia underwent dorsal<br />
rhizotomy. At a mean follow-up <strong>of</strong> 20 months, 65% <strong>of</strong> patients had complete relief <strong>of</strong> symptoms, 12%<br />
had partial relief, and 24% had no relief <strong>of</strong> symptoms.<br />
A retrospective study conducted by Gille et al. (2004) evaluated 10 patients with occipital neuralgia<br />
who underwent neurolysis <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerve and sectioning <strong>of</strong> the inferior oblique muscle. After a<br />
mean follow-up <strong>of</strong> 37 months, the investigators concluded this new surgical treatment provided good<br />
results if patients are well chosen.<br />
A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify 206 consecutive patients undergoing neurolysis<br />
<strong>of</strong> the greater or, less commonly, excision <strong>of</strong> the greater and/or lesser occipital nerves. Of 206 patients,<br />
190 underwent greater occipital nerve neurolysis (171 bilateral). Twelve patients underwent greater<br />
and lesser occipital nerve excision, whereas four underwent lesser occipital nerve excision alone. The<br />
investigators found that 80.5% <strong>of</strong> patients experienced at least 50% pain relief and 43.4% <strong>of</strong> patients<br />
experienced complete relief <strong>of</strong> headache. Minimum duration <strong>of</strong> follow-up was 12 months. (Ducic et<br />
al., 2009)<br />
In a retrospective chart review, Acar et al. (2008) evaluated 20 patients who underwent C2 and/or C3<br />
ganglionectomies for intractable occipital pain. All patients reported preoperative pain relief following<br />
cervical nerve blocks. The mean follow-up was 42.5 months. Average visual analog scale scores were<br />
9.4 preoperatively and 2.6 immediately after procedure. Ninety-five percent <strong>of</strong> patients reported shortterm<br />
pain relief (
microdecompression surgery for occipital neuralgia concludes that there is insufficient evidence to<br />
assess the safety and efficacy <strong>of</strong> cervical microdecompression surgery for occipital neuralgia (Hayes,<br />
2008a).<br />
Nerve Decompression and Occipital Neurectomy for Headaches<br />
A randomized trial <strong>of</strong> patients with medication-refractory, but BT-responsive, migraine headaches<br />
compared the removal <strong>of</strong> the glabellar muscles (n=19), removal <strong>of</strong> the zygomaticotemporal branch <strong>of</strong><br />
the trigeminal nerve (n=19), or greater occipital neurectomy (n=11) with sham-control patients (n=26)<br />
who underwent only exposure at one <strong>of</strong> the sites. At 1-year follow-up, complete resolution <strong>of</strong><br />
headaches was found in 57.1% and significant improvement in 83.7% <strong>of</strong> patients undergoing actual<br />
surgery, and significant improvement was found compared with baseline values in all migraine<br />
headache measures. In the sham surgery group, 57.7% <strong>of</strong> patients reported at least 50% reduction in<br />
migraine headache. The difference between experimental and control groups was statistically<br />
significant (Guyuron et al., 2009). These findings require confirmation in a larger study.<br />
A retrospective analysis was performed on 18 consecutive patients with migraine headaches who had<br />
undergone various combinations <strong>of</strong> surgical decompression <strong>of</strong> the supraorbital, supratrochlear, and<br />
greater occipital nerves and zygomaticotemporal neurectomy. These surgeries were performed by a<br />
single surgeon. The number <strong>of</strong> migraines per month and the pain intensity <strong>of</strong> migraine headaches<br />
decreased significantly. Three patients (17 percent) had complete relief <strong>of</strong> their migraines, and 50<br />
percent <strong>of</strong> patients (nine <strong>of</strong> 18) had at least a 75 percent reduction in the frequency, duration, or<br />
intensity <strong>of</strong> migraines. Thirty-nine percent <strong>of</strong> patients discontinued all migraine medications. Mean<br />
follow-up was 16 months (range, 6 to 41 months) after surgery. One hundred percent <strong>of</strong> participants<br />
stated they would repeat the surgical procedure. According to the investigators, this study confirms<br />
prior published results and supports the theory that peripheral nerve compression triggers a migraine<br />
cascade. The investigators also stated that a significant amount <strong>of</strong> patient screening is required for<br />
proper patient selection and trigger site identification for surgical success (Poggi et al. 2008). While<br />
this study showed a treatment effect, the small sample size, retrospective design, short follow-up, and<br />
the different surgical procedures used, limits the generality <strong>of</strong> the findings to a larger population.<br />
Williams et al. (2010) reported on nine cases <strong>of</strong> conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome<br />
and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA)<br />
that failed medical treatment. The patients had an aberrant arterial loop either in contact with or<br />
compressing the appropriate trigeminal nerve demonstrated on MRI. All underwent microvascular<br />
decompression <strong>of</strong> the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve for intractable pain. Immediate and complete relief <strong>of</strong><br />
SUNCT and SUNA symptoms occurred in 6/9 (67%) cases. This was sustained for a follow-up period<br />
<strong>of</strong> 9 to 32 months (mean 22.2). In 3/9 (33%) cases, there was no benefit. Ipsilateral hearing loss was<br />
observed in one case. The investigators concluded that medically intractable SUNCT and SUNA<br />
patients with a demonstrable aberrant arterial loop impinging on the trigeminal nerve on neuroimaging<br />
may benefit from microvascular decompression. The study is limited by a small sample size and lack<br />
<strong>of</strong> a control group.<br />
Radi<strong>of</strong>requency Ablation<br />
In a randomized controlled trial <strong>of</strong> 30 patients with cervicogenic headache, 15 patients received<br />
radi<strong>of</strong>requency (RF) treatments, and 15 patients underwent local injections <strong>of</strong> the greater occipital<br />
nerve followed by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation when necessary. There were no<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 11 <strong>of</strong> 21
significant differences between the 2 treatment groups at any time during the study. Eight weeks after<br />
the initial treatment, 80% <strong>of</strong> the patients in the RF-group (Group I) and 66,7% <strong>of</strong> the patients in the<br />
local injection group (Group II) reported a successful treatment in terms <strong>of</strong> a positive global perceived<br />
effect and/or an visual analogue scale (VAS) reduction <strong>of</strong> at least 50% compared to the initial VAS.<br />
Sixteen weeks after the initial treatment, the success rate in Group I was 66,7% compared to 55,3% in<br />
Group II. After one year, there was no difference <strong>of</strong> the success rate in Group I (53,3%) compared to<br />
Group II (50%). A relatively high percentage <strong>of</strong> patients (33,3%) in both groups were not followed<br />
anymore because <strong>of</strong> several reasons. The most important reason was the disappointment in the<br />
treatment. (Haspeslagh, 2006)<br />
Stovner et al. (2004) conducted a randomized, sham-controlled study <strong>of</strong> 12 patients with cervicogenic<br />
headaches. Six patients underwent radi<strong>of</strong>requency neurotomy and six patients received sham<br />
treatment. Patients were followed for 2 years. Patients treated with neurotomy were somewhat<br />
improved at 3 months, but later follow-up showed no significant differences between the 2 treatment<br />
groups.<br />
Vanelderen et al. (2010) reported on the results <strong>of</strong> a prospective trial with 6 months <strong>of</strong> follow-up in<br />
which pulsed radi<strong>of</strong>requency treatment <strong>of</strong> the greater and/or lesser occipital nerve was used to treat<br />
occipital neuralgia in 19 patients. Patients presenting with clinical findings suggestive <strong>of</strong> occipital<br />
neuralgia and a positive test block <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerves with 2 mL <strong>of</strong> local anesthetic underwent a<br />
pulsed radi<strong>of</strong>requency procedure <strong>of</strong> the culprit nerves. Approximately 52.6% <strong>of</strong> patients reported a<br />
score <strong>of</strong> 6 (pain improved substantially) or higher on the Likert scale after 6 months. No complications<br />
were reported. The investigators concluded that pulsed radi<strong>of</strong>requency treatment <strong>of</strong> the greater and/or<br />
lesser occipital nerve is a promising treatment <strong>of</strong> occipital neuralgia. This study warrants further<br />
placebo-controlled trials.<br />
Halim et al. (2010) conducted a retrospective study that included 86 patients who had undergone<br />
lateral C1-2 joint pulsed radi<strong>of</strong>requency application, for cervicogenic headache in a single pain center<br />
from March 2007 to December 2008. The percentage <strong>of</strong> patients who had >or=50% pain relief at 2<br />
months, 6 months, and 1 year were 50% (43/86), 50% (43/86), and 44.2% (38/86), respectively. Longterm<br />
pain relief at 6 months and 1 year were predicted reliably by >or=50% pain relief at 2 months.<br />
Apart from 1 patient that complained <strong>of</strong> increased severity <strong>of</strong> occipital headache lasting several hours,<br />
there were no other reported complications. The lack <strong>of</strong> a control group limits the validity <strong>of</strong> the results<br />
<strong>of</strong> this study.<br />
In a clinical audit <strong>of</strong> 18 chronic cervical pain patients treated with pulsed radi<strong>of</strong>requency, satisfactory<br />
pain relief <strong>of</strong> at least 50% was achieved in 72% <strong>of</strong> the patients at 8 weeks (Van Zundert, 2003). Thirtythree<br />
percent <strong>of</strong> the patients continued with good treatment outcome more than one year after<br />
treatment.<br />
Govind et al. (2003) studied 49 patients with occipital headaches who underwent percutaneous<br />
radi<strong>of</strong>requency neurotomy. Eighty-eight percent <strong>of</strong> the patients achieved a successful outcome<br />
(complete relief <strong>of</strong> pain for at least 90 days). The median duration <strong>of</strong> relief in these patients was 297<br />
days.<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 12 <strong>of</strong> 21
Lee et al. (2007) assessed the clinical efficacy <strong>of</strong> radi<strong>of</strong>requency (RF) cervical zygapophyseal joint<br />
neurotomy in patients with cervicogenic headache. A total <strong>of</strong> thirty consecutive patients suffering from<br />
chronic cervicogenic headaches for longer than 6 months and showing a pain relief by greater than<br />
50% from diagnostic/prognostic blocks were included in the study. These patients were treated with<br />
RF neurotomy <strong>of</strong> the cervical zygapophyseal joints and were subsequently assessed at 1 week, 1<br />
month, 6 months, and at 12 months following treatment. RF neurotomy <strong>of</strong> the cervical zygapophyseal<br />
joints significantly reduced the headache severity in 22 patients (73.3%) at 12 months after the<br />
treatment. The limitations <strong>of</strong> this study were small sample size and lack <strong>of</strong> a control group.<br />
The 2008 Hayes <strong>Health</strong> Technology Brief on radi<strong>of</strong>requency ablation for treatment <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic<br />
headache concluded that the evidence for radi<strong>of</strong>requency ablation (RFA) for cervicogenic headache is<br />
limited and that no definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding its efficacy and safety. The results<br />
were promising in case series studies that included definitive diagnostic nerve blocks as part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
selection criteria. However, the randomized controlled trials failed to show a beneficial effect <strong>of</strong> RFA.<br />
(Hayes, 2008b)<br />
Electrical Stimulation<br />
In a systematic review, Jasper and Hayek (2008) evaluated the strength <strong>of</strong> evidence that occipital nerve<br />
stimulation (ONS) is an effective treatment <strong>of</strong> chronic headache. Ten observational studies, <strong>of</strong> which 4<br />
were prospective, and a number <strong>of</strong> case series, case reports, and reviews were identified. No<br />
randomized controlled trials (RCT) were identified. All <strong>of</strong> the studies reported positive outcomes<br />
including improved pain relief, reduced frequency, intensity, and duration <strong>of</strong> headaches with reduced<br />
medication consumption. ONS was reportedly successful for 70 to 100% <strong>of</strong> patients. Reduction <strong>of</strong> pain<br />
in patients with occipital headaches and transformed migraine is significant and rapid; for cluster<br />
patients the improvement may be less dramatic and it may take several months <strong>of</strong> occipital stimulation<br />
to achieve relief. No long-term adverse events occurred. Several short-term adverse events occurred<br />
including infection, lead displacement, and battery depletion. The body <strong>of</strong> evidence as a whole is a<br />
level <strong>of</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> IV, limited.<br />
Johnstone and Sundaraj (2006) evaluated 8 patients with intractable occipital neuralgia. All patients<br />
were <strong>of</strong>fered a trial <strong>of</strong> percutaneous stimulation and if they achieved 50% pain reduction, a permanent<br />
lead was implanted. Seven patients proceeded to a permanent stimulator. The visual analogue score<br />
was reduced in 5 <strong>of</strong> the 7 patients after permanent implantation.<br />
In a study conducted by Kapural et al. (2005), 6 patients with treatment refractive chronic headaches<br />
were treated with a midline approach for occipital nerve electrical stimulation lead implantation.<br />
During the 3-month follow-up, mean visual analog scale scores changed from 8.66 to 2.5, and pain<br />
disability index improved from 49.8 to 14.0. The authors concluded that the midline approach has<br />
advantages compared with the submastoid approach particularly regarding stability <strong>of</strong> the system.<br />
Slavin et al. (2006) analyzed the records <strong>of</strong> 14 consecutive patients with intractable occipital neuralgia<br />
treated with peripheral neurostimulation. Ten patients proceeded with system internalization after a<br />
50% pain reduction during the trial period. Two patients had their systems explanted because <strong>of</strong> loss <strong>of</strong><br />
stimulation effect or significant improvement <strong>of</strong> pain, and one patient had part <strong>of</strong> his hardware<br />
removed because <strong>of</strong> infection. The authors concluded that overall, the beneficial effect from chronic<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 13 <strong>of</strong> 21
stimulation persisted in more than half <strong>of</strong> the patients for whom the procedure was considered and in<br />
80% <strong>of</strong> those who significantly improved during the trial and proceeded with internalization.<br />
Weiner and Reed (1999) conducted a case series involving 13 patients (17 implant procedures) with<br />
intractable occipital neuralgia treated with peripheral neurostimulation. Follow-up ranged from 1.5-6<br />
years. Twelve patients reported good and excellence response with greater than 50% pain control and<br />
little or no additional medication. The 13th patient was subsequently explanted following symptom<br />
resolution.<br />
Amin et al. (2008) evaluated the efficacy <strong>of</strong> supraorbital nerve stimulation for treatment <strong>of</strong> intractable<br />
supraorbital neuralgia in a case series <strong>of</strong> 16 patients. The patients underwent a trial <strong>of</strong> supraorbital<br />
nerve stimulation, and efficacy was assessed after 5-7 days. Ten patients consented to undergo<br />
permanent implantation <strong>of</strong> the stimulator. Opioid consumption and headache scores were monitored<br />
preoperatively and at timed intervals for 30 weeks. Headache scores decreased, and opioid<br />
consumption was reduced in half, and these beneficial accomplishments were maintained up to 30<br />
weeks after implantation.<br />
The 2007 Hayes Technology Brief on electrical stimulation <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerve for the treatment <strong>of</strong><br />
occipital neuralgia summarized the available evidence stating that the results <strong>of</strong> the available studies<br />
provide preliminary evidence that subcutaneous electrical stimulation <strong>of</strong> the greater and lesser occipital<br />
nerves <strong>of</strong>fers long-term relief in some patients who have intractable occipital neuralgia. Although the<br />
available studies <strong>of</strong> this technique are small and uncontrolled, most <strong>of</strong> the patients in these studies had<br />
experienced symptoms <strong>of</strong> occipital neuralgia for more than two years and had failed to respond<br />
adequately to other conservative and aggressive treatments. Since occipital neuralgia is a rare disorder,<br />
it does not seem feasible to conduct large-scale, randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy <strong>of</strong><br />
electrical stimulation therapy versus other standard therapies; however, larger studies with longer<br />
periods <strong>of</strong> follow-up are needed to confirm the benefits reported in the available studies. (Hayes, 2007)<br />
The quality <strong>of</strong> evidence provided by studies for treatment <strong>of</strong> occipital neuralgia and cervicogenic<br />
headache is generally low. Injection therapies, nerve blockades using steroids and anesthetic agents,<br />
and surgical procedures such as nerve root decompression or neurectomy may provide effective pain<br />
relief for some patients. However, the available studies were limited and had significant<br />
methodological flaws, making it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the efficacy <strong>of</strong> the various<br />
treatments. In addition, most treatments do not provide permanent curative results and recurrences<br />
occurred in a high proportion <strong>of</strong> patients.<br />
Additional Search Terms<br />
cranial nerves, methylprednisolone, trigger points<br />
U.S. FOOD <strong>AND</strong> DRUG ADMINISTRATION<br />
Local Injection Therapy: Various local anesthetics are approved by the FDA for use in diagnostic and<br />
therapeutic nerve blockade. Botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A or BOTOX) is a neurolytic agent that has also<br />
been approved by the FDA for treatment <strong>of</strong> some conditions. However, BTX-A is not specifically<br />
approved for treatment <strong>of</strong> cervicogenic headache or occipital neuralgia; the use <strong>of</strong> BTX-A for these<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 14 <strong>of</strong> 21
diagnoses is <strong>of</strong>f-label use. Additional information is available at:<br />
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/Dru<br />
gSafetyInformationforHeathcarePr<strong>of</strong>essionals/ucm070366.htm. (accessed March 2011).<br />
Radi<strong>of</strong>requency Ablation (RFA): RFA is a procedure and, therefore, is not subject to regulation by the<br />
FDA. However, the devices used to perform RFA are regulated by the FDA premarket approval<br />
process. There are numerous devices listed in the FDA 510(k) database approved for use in performing<br />
RFA. Two product codes are dedicated to these devices, one for radi<strong>of</strong>requency lesion generators<br />
(GXD) and one for radi<strong>of</strong>requency lesion probes (GXI). Additional information is available at:<br />
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm. (accessed March 2011).<br />
Electrical Stimulation: Electrical stimulation <strong>of</strong> the occipital nerve for the treatment <strong>of</strong> occipital<br />
neuralgia and cervicogenic headache is a procedure and, therefore, not subject to regulation by the<br />
FDA; however, the devices used to perform electrical stimulation are regulated via the FDA 510(k)<br />
premarket approval process. The Renew Quattrode ® device received 510(k) approval (K000852) on<br />
January 19, 2001, and the Pisces Quad ® device was approved (K040568) on March 25, 2004.<br />
Additional information is available at:<br />
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm. (accessed March 2011).<br />
Currently no implantable pulse generator, radi<strong>of</strong>requency device, or leads are approved by the FDA for<br />
peripheral occipital nerve stimulation to treat occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headaches.<br />
APPLICABLE CODES<br />
The codes listed in this policy are for reference purposes only. Listing <strong>of</strong> a service or device code in<br />
this policy does not imply that the service described by this code is a covered or non-covered health<br />
service. Coverage is determined by the benefit document. This list <strong>of</strong> codes may not be all inclusive.<br />
CPT ® Code Description<br />
Injection/infusion <strong>of</strong> neurolytic substance (eg, alcohol, phenol, iced saline<br />
62281 solutions), with or without other therapeutic substance; epidural, cervical or<br />
thoracic<br />
63185 Laminectomy with rhizotomy; 1 or 2 segments<br />
63190 Laminectomy with rhizotomy; more than 2 segments<br />
64405 Injection, anesthetic agent; greater occipital nerve<br />
64553 Percutaneous implantation <strong>of</strong> neurostimulator electrodes; cranial nerve<br />
64568<br />
Incision for implantation <strong>of</strong> cranial nerve (eg, vagus nerve) neurostimulator<br />
electrode array and pulse generator<br />
64569<br />
Revision or replacement <strong>of</strong> cranial nerve (eg, vagus nerve) neurostimulator<br />
64570<br />
64573<br />
(code discontinued<br />
effective 1/1/11)<br />
electrode array, including connection to existing pulse generator<br />
Removal <strong>of</strong> cranial nerve (eg, vagus nerve) neurostimulator electrode array<br />
and pulse generator<br />
Incision for implantation <strong>of</strong> neurostimulator electrodes; cranial nerve<br />
Occipital Neuralgia & Headache Page 15 <strong>of</strong> 21
64626<br />
Destruction by neurolytic agent, paravertebral facet joint nerve; cervical or<br />
thoracic, single level<br />
Destruction by neurolytic agent, paravertebral facet joint nerve; cervical or<br />
64627 thoracic, each additional level (List separately in addition to code for primary<br />
procedure)<br />
64722 Decompression; unspecified nerve(s) (specify)<br />
64744 Transection or avulsion <strong>of</strong>; greater occipital nerve<br />
64802 Sympathectomy, cervical<br />
64804 Sympathectomy, cervicothoracic<br />
64999 Unlisted procedure, nervous system<br />
CPT ® is a registered trademark <strong>of</strong> the American Medical Association.<br />
HCPCS Code (not<br />
medically necessary)<br />
E0720<br />
L8680<br />
L8683<br />
L8685<br />
Description<br />
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, two lead,<br />
localized stimulation<br />
Implantable neurostimulator electrode (with any number <strong>of</strong> contact points),<br />
each<br />
Radi<strong>of</strong>requency transmitter (external) for use with implantable<br />
neurostimulator radi<strong>of</strong>requency receiver<br />
Implantable neurostimulator pulse generator, single array, rechargeable,<br />
includes extension<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Acar F, Miller J, Golshani KJ, et al. Pain relief after cervical ganglionectomy (C2 and C3) for the<br />
treatment <strong>of</strong> medically intractable occipital neuralgia. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2008;86(2):106-12.<br />
Afridi SK, Shields KG, Bhola R, et al. Greater occipital nerve injection in primary headache<br />
syndromes--prolonged effects from a single injection. Pain. 2006 May;122(1-2):126-9.<br />
Akın Takmaz S, Inan N, Uçler S, et al. Greater occipital nerve block in migraine headache:<br />
Preliminary results <strong>of</strong> 10 patients. Agri. 2008 Jan;20(1):47-50.<br />
Ambrosini A, Vandenheede M, Rossi P, et al. Suboccipital injection with a mixture <strong>of</strong> rapid- and longacting<br />
steroids in cluster headache: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2005 Nov;118(1-<br />
2):92-6.<br />
Amin S, Buvanendran A, Park KS, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulator for the treatment <strong>of</strong> supraorbital<br />
neuralgia: a retrospective case series. Cephalalgia. 2008 Apr;28(4):355-9.<br />
Anthony M. Cervicogenic headache: prevalence and response to local steroid therapy. Clin Exp<br />
Rheumatol. 2000 Mar-Apr;18(2 Suppl 19):S59-64.<br />
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Anthony M. Headache and the greater occipital nerve. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1992;94(4):297-301.<br />
Antonaci F, Ghirmai S, Bono G, et al. Cervicogenic headache: evaluation <strong>of</strong> the original diagnostic<br />
criteria. Cephalalgia. 2001 Jun;21(5):573-83.<br />
Ashkenazi A, Blumenfeld A, Napchan U, et al.; Interventional Procedures Special Interest Section <strong>of</strong><br />
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PROTOCOL HISTORY/REVISION INFORMATION<br />
Date<br />
04/28/2011<br />
01/28/2011<br />
06/24/2010<br />
06/26/2009<br />
Action/Description<br />
Corporate Medical Affairs Committee<br />
The foregoing <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Nevada</strong>/Sierra <strong>Health</strong> & Life <strong>Health</strong> Operations protocol has been<br />
adopted from an existing United<strong>Health</strong>care coverage determination guideline that was researched,<br />
developed and approved by the United<strong>Health</strong>care Coverage Determination Committee.<br />
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