Complete reference list (PDF 1191 KB) - Department of Health and ...

Part 1 Introduction to The Australian Immunisation 

Handbook 

1.1 Background 

References 

1. World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, World Bank. State of the world‘s vaccines and 

immunization. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009. Available at: 

whqlibdoc.who.intpublications/2009/9789241563864_eng.pdf (accessed June 2012). 

2. Chiu C, Dey A, Wang H, et al. Vaccine preventable diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007. 

Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2010;34 Suppl:ix-S167. 

1.5 Fundamentals of immunisation 

References 

1. van den Berg JP, Westerbeek EA, van der Klis FR, Berbers GA, van Elburg RM. Transplacental 

transport of IgG antibodies to preterm infants: a review of the literature. Early Human 

Development 2011;87:67-72. 

2. Nicoara C, Zäch K, Trachsel D, Germann D, Matter L. Decay of passively acquired maternal 

antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory 

Immunology 1999;6:868-71. 

3. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Hepatitis A: national guidelines for public 

health units. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2009. Available 

at: www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs (accessed July 2012). 

4. Siegrist CA. Vaccine immunology. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 5th 

ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. 

5. Baxter D. Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing. Occupational 

Medicine 2007;57:552-6. 

6. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza 

vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2012;12:36-44. 

7. Definition and application of terms for vaccine pharmacovigilance. Report of CIOMS/WHO 

Working Group on Vaccine Pharmacovigilance. Geneva: Council for International Organizations 

of Medical Sciences, World Health Organization, 2012. Available at: 

www.cioms.ch/index.php/publications/available-publications (accessed May 2012). 

8. Mahajan D, Cook J, McIntyre PB, Macartney K, Menzies RI. Annual report: surveillance of 

adverse events following immunisation in Australia, 2010. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 

2011;35:263-80. 

9. Mahajan D, Menzies R, Cook J, Macartney K, McIntyre P. Supplementary report: surveillance of 

adverse events following immunisation among children aged less than 7 years in Australia, 1 

January to 30 June 2010. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2011;35:21-8. 

10. Horvath J. Review of the management of adverse events associated with Panvax and Fluvax. 

Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2011. Available at: 

www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/11DFBB4FD968D072C 

A25789400172DA1/$File/adverse-event-march-2011.pdf (accessed Jan 2012).

Part 2 Vaccination procedures 

2.1 Pre-vaccination 

References 

1. National vaccine storage guidelines: Strive for 5. Canberra: Australian Government Department of 

Health and Ageing, 2005. Available at: (accessed July 2011). 

2. The Medical Defence Association of Victoria Ltd (MDAV). Medicine and the law: a practical 

guide for doctors. Carlton, Victoria: MDAV, 2005. 

3. Skene L. Doctors‘ duty to inform: debates pre- and post- Rogers v Whitaker: swings, roundabouts 

and pendulums. Australian Health Law Bulletin 2002;11:33-6. 

4. Rogers v Whitaker. Australian Law Reports (1992) 109 ALR 625 at 633. 

5. Gulam H. Consent: tips for health care professionals. Australian Nursing Journal 2004;12:17-9. 

6. Kerridge I, Lowe M, Stewart C. Ethics and law for the health professions. 3rd ed. Sydney: The 

Federation Press, 2009. 

7. Leask J, Braunack-Mayer A, Kerridge I. Consent and public engagement in an era of expanded 

childhood immunisation. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2011;47:603-7. 

8. Staunton PJ, Chiarella M. Nursing and the law. 6th ed. Sydney: Elsevier (Australia), 2008. 

9. Bird S. Discussing benefits and risks with patients. PSA testing. Australian Family Physician 

2004;33:266-7. 

10. Bird S. Can children and adolescents consent to their own medical treatment? Australian Family 

Physician 2005;34:73-4. 

11. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). General guidelines for medical 

practitioners on providing information to patients. Canberra: NHMRC, 2004. Available at: 

(accessed Nov 2011). 

12. NSW Association for Adolescent Health (NAAH). Working with young people: ethical and legal 

responsibilities for health workers. Sydney: NAAH, 2005. Available at: (accessed Nov 2011). 

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). General recommendations on immunization. 

In: Atkinson W, Wolfe C, Hamborsky J, eds. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable 

diseases. 12th ed. Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation, 2011. 

14. Lane L, Reynolds A, Ramsay M. When should vaccination be contraindicated in children? Drug 

Safety 2005;28:743-52. 

15. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red 

Book: 2009 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: 

American Academy of Pediatrics, 2009. 

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kroger AT, Sumaya CV, Pickering LK, 

Atkinson WL. General recommendations on immunization – recommendations of the Advisory 

Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). [erratum appears in MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011 

Jul 29;60:993]. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2011;60(RR-2):1-61. 

17. Australian Government Department of Human Services. Australian Childhood Immunisation 

Register: National due and overdue rules for childhood immunisation. Version 1.4 November 

2011. Available at: (accessed Aug 2012). 

2.2 Administration of vaccines 

References 

1. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Australian guidelines for the 

prevention and control of infection in healthcare. Canberra: Australian Government Department of 

Health and Ageing, 2010. Available at: (accessed Feb 2012).

2. Hand Hygiene Australia. Grayson ML, Russo P, Ryan K, et al., eds. 5 moments for hand hygiene. 

Sydney: Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare, 2010. Available at: 

(accessed Sep 2012). 

3. Hutin Y, Hauri A, Chiarello L, et al. Best infection control practices for intradermal, 

subcutaneous, and intramuscular needle injections. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 

2003;81:491-500. 

4. Vidor E. The nature and consequences of intra- and inter-vaccine interference. Journal of 

Comparative Pathology 2007;137 Suppl 1:S62-6. 

5. Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. ATAGI statement: Use of multi-dose 

vials in vaccination programs. 24 September 2009. Available at: (accessed Apr 2012). 

6. Ruben FL, Jackson GG. A new subunit influenza vaccine: acceptability compared with standard 

vaccines and effect of dose on antigenicity. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1972;125:656-64. 

7. Cook IF, Pond D, Hartel G. Comparative reactogenicity and immunogenicity of 23 valent 

pneumococcal vaccine administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in elderly adults. 

Vaccine 2007;25:4767-74. 

8. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB, Sanders SL. Is isopropyl alcohol swabbing before injection 

really necessary? Medical Journal of Australia 2001;174:306. 

9. Cocoman A, Murray J. Intramuscular injections: to swab or not to swab. World of Irish Nursing 

2007;15:26-7. 





11. Felt BT, Mollen E, Diaz S, et al. Behavioral interventions reduce infant distress at immunization. 

Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2000;154:719-24. 

12. Halperin SA, McGrath P, Smith B, Houston T. Lidocaine-prilocaine patch decreases the pain 

associated with the subcutaneous administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine but does not 

adversely affect the antibody response. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;136:789-94. 

13. Reis EC, Roth EK, Syphan JL, Tarbell SE, Holubkov R. Effective pain reduction for multiple 

immunization injections in young infants. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 

2003;157:1115-20. 

14. Kassab M, Sheehy A, King M, Fowler C, Foureur M. A double-blind randomised controlled trial 

of 25% oral glucose for pain relief in 2-month old infants undergoing immunisation. International 

Journal of Nursing Studies 2012;49:249-56. 

15. Taddio A, Appleton M, Bortolussi R, et al. Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: an 

evidence-based clinical practice guideline. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 

2010;182:E843-55. 

16. Diggle L, Deeks J. Effect of needle length on incidence of local reactions to routine immunisation 

in infants aged 4 months: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2000;321:931-3. 

17. Groswasser J, Kahn A, Bouche B, et al. Needle length and injection technique for efficient 

intramuscular vaccine delivery in infants and children evaluated through an ultrasonographic 

determination of subcutaneous and muscle layer thickness. Pediatrics 1997;100:400-3. 

18. Diggle L, Deeks JJ, Pollard AJ. Effect of needle size on immunogenicity and reactogenicity of 

vaccines in infants: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;333:571. 

19. Katsma DL, Katsma R. The myth of the 90°-angle intramuscular injection. Nurse Educator 

2000;25:34-7. 

20. Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH). Giving safe injections: using auto-disable 

syringes for immunization. Seattle: PATH, 2001. Available at: 

http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/files/Giving_Safe_Inj_Eng.pdf (accessed Jan 2012). 

21. Poland GA, Borrud A, Jacobson RM, et al. Determination of deltoid fat pad thickness: 

implications for needle length in adult immunization. JAMA 1997;277:1709-11. 

22. Ipp MM, Gold R, Goldbach M, et al. Adverse reactions to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis-polio 

vaccination at 18 months of age: effect of injection site and needle length. Pediatrics 1989;83:679- 

82. 

23. Mark A, Carlsson RM, Granström M. Subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection for booster DT 

vaccination of adolescents. Vaccine 1999;17:2067-72.

24. Ruben FL, Froeschle JE, Meschievitz C, et al. Choosing a route of administration for quadrivalent 

meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine: intramuscular versus subcutaneous. Clinical Infectious 

Diseases 2001;32:170-2. 

25. Cook IF, Williamson M, Pond D. Definition of needle length required for intramuscular deltoid 

injection in elderly adults: an ultrasonographic study. Vaccine 2006;24:937-40. 

26. Cook IF, Murtagh J. Comparative immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine administered into the 

ventrogluteal area and anterolateral thigh in infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 

2002;38:393-6. 

27. Cook IF, Murtagh J. Comparative reactogenicity and parental acceptability of pertussis vaccines 

administered into the ventrogluteal area and anterolateral thigh in children aged 2, 4, 6 and 18 

months. Vaccine 2003;21:3330-4. 

28. Cook IF, Murtagh J. Ventrogluteal area – a suitable site for intramuscular vaccination of infants 

and toddlers. Vaccine 2006;24:2403-8. 

29. Clarke S, McKay M. An audit of spica cast guidelines for parents and professionals caring for 

children with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 2006;10:128- 

37. 

30. de Lalla F, Rinaldi E, Santoro D, Pravettoni G. Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine given at 

different injection sites and by different routes: a controlled randomized study. European Journal 

of Epidemiology 1988;4:256-8. 

31. Shaw FE, Jr., Guess HA, Roets JM, et al. Effect of anatomic injection site, age and smoking on the 

immune response to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 1989;7:425-30. 

32. National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre (NBOCC). Review of research evidence on secondary 

lymphoedema: incidence, prevention, risk factors and treatment. Surry Hills: NBOCC, 2008. 

Available at: http://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-resources/cancer-australiapublications/review-research-evidence-secondary-lymphoedema 

(accessed Nov 2012). 

33. Erickson VS, Pearson ML, Ganz PA, Adams J, Kahn KL. Arm edema in breast cancer patients. 

Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2001;93:96-111. 

34. Petrek JA, Pressman PI, Smith RA. Lymphedema: current issues in research and management. 

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2000;50:292-307. 

35. Zelman S. Notes on techniques of intramuscular injection: the avoidance of needless pain and 

morbidity. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1961;241:563-74. 

36. Greenway K. Using the ventrologluteal site for intramuscular injection. Nursing Standard 

2004;18:39-42. 

37. Michaels L, Poole RW. Injection granuloma of the buttock. Canadian Medical Association 

Journal 1970;102:626-8. 

38. Horn MI, McCarthy AM. Children‘s responses to sequential versus simultaneous immunization 

injections. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 1999;13:18-23. 

39. Schechter NL, Zempsky WT, Cohen LL, et al. Pain reduction during pediatric immunizations: 

evidence-based review and recommendations. Pediatrics 2007;119:e1184-98. 

2.3 Post-vaccination 

References 



Health and Ageing, 2010. Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/node/30290 (accessed Feb 

2012). 

2. Sparks L. Taking the ―ouch‖ out of injections for children: using distraction to decrease pain. 

MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 2001;26:72-8. 




http://www.cioms.ch/index.php/publications/available-publications (accessed May 2012).





5. Institute of Medicine. Stratton KR, Howe CJ, Johnston RB, Jr., eds. Adverse events associated 

with childhood vaccines: evidence bearing on causality. Washington, D.C.: National Academy 

Press, 1994. 

6. Rüggeberg JU, Gold MS, Bayas JM, et al. Anaphylaxis: case definition and guidelines for data 

collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 2007;25:5675-84. 

7. Ewan PW. Anaphylaxis. BMJ 1998;316:1442-5. 

8. Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE. Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of 

anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 

2008;(4):CD006312. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006312.pub2. 

9. Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA). Adrenaline autoinjectors 

frequently asked questions & answers (FAQ). 2011. Available at: 

http://www.allergy.org.au/health-professionals/anaphylaxis-resources/adrenaline-autoinjectorsfaqs 

(accessed Dec 2011). 

10. National Health Service (NHS). Symptoms of anaphylaxis. 2011. Available at: 

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anaphylaxis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx (accessed Oct 2012). 

11. Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA). Adrenaline autoinjectors for 

general use. 2012. Available at: http://www.allergy.org.au/health-professionals/anaphylaxisresources/adrenaline-autoinjectors-for-general-use 


12. Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council. Guideline 8. 

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2010. Available at: 

http://www.resus.org.au/policy/guidelines/section_8/cardiopulmonary_resuscitation.htm (accessed 

Sep 2012). 

13. Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ. Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus 

subcutaneous injection. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001;108:871-3. 

14. Anaphylaxis: emergency management for health professionals. Australian Prescriber 

2011;34:124. 

15. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, Therapeutic Goods Administration 

(TGA). Australian regulatory guidelines for OTC medicines (ARGOM). 2003. Available at: 

http://www.tga.gov.au/industry/otc-argom-00.htm (accessed Nov 2012). 

16. Armstrong PK, Dowse GK, Effler PV, et al. Epidemiological study of severe febrile reactions in 

young children in Western Australia caused by a 2010 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. BMJ 

Open 2011;1:e000016. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2010-. 

17. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, Therapeutic Goods Administration. 

Investigation into febrile reactions in young children following 2010 seasonal trivalent influenza 

vaccination. 2010. Available at: http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/alerts-medicine-seasonal-flu- 

100702.pdf (accessed Sep 2012). 

18. Hamati-Haddad A, Fenichel GM. Brachial neuritis following routine childhood immunization for 

diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP): report of two cases and review of the literature. 

Pediatrics 1997;99:602-3. 

19. Debeer P, De Munter P, Bruyninckx F, Devlieger R. Brachial plexus neuritis following HPV 

vaccination. Vaccine 2008;26:4417-9. 

20. Institute of Medicine. Stratton K, Ford A, Rusch E, Wright Clayton E, eds. Adverse effects of 

vaccines: evidence and causality. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2012. 

21. Buttery JP, Danchin MH, Lee KJ, et al. Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine 

administration: post-marketing surveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia. 

Vaccine 2011;29:3061-6. 

22. Patel MM, López-Collada VR, Bulhões MM, et al. Intussusception risk and health benefits of 

rotavirus vaccination in Mexico and Brazil. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;364:2283-92. 

23. Carlin J, Lee K. Rotavirus vaccination and risk of intussusception: a case-series and a case-control 

analysis of confirmed cases from six states and territories of Australia, July 2007 – June 2010. 

Report to the Therapeutic Goods Administration. Final report. 24 April 2012. ()



2011;35:263-80. 


Gardasil (human papillomavirus vaccine). 24 June 2010. Available at: 

http://www.tga.gov.au/safety/alerts-medicine-gardasil-070624.htm (accessed May 2011). 

26. Bohlke K, Davis RL, Marcy SM, et al. Risk of anaphylaxis after vaccination of children and 

adolescents. Pediatrics 2003;112:815-20. 

27. Goodwin H, Nash M, Gold M, Heath TC, Burgess MA. Vaccination of children following a 

previous hypotonic–hyporesponsive episode. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 

1999;35:549-52. 

28. Baraff LJ, Shields WD, Beckwith L, et al. Infants and children with convulsions and hypotonichyporesponsive 

episodes following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization: follow-up 

evaluation. Pediatrics 1988;81:789-94. 

29. Mahajan D, Menzies R, Roomiani I, Lawrence G. Supplementary report: surveillance of adverse 

events following immunisation among children aged less than seven years in Australia, 1 January 

to 30 June 2009. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2010;34:49-53. 

30. Nelson KE. Invited commentary: influenza vaccine and Guillain-Barré syndrome – is there a risk? 

American Journal of Epidemiology 2012;175:1129-32. 

31. Jonville-Bera AP, Autret E, Laugier J. Sudden infant death syndrome and diphtheria-tetanuspertussis-poliomyelitis 

vaccination status. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 1995;9:263- 

70. 

32. Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Clements M, Ford RP, New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. 

Immunisation and the sudden infant death syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood 

1995;73:498-501. 

33. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Platt MW, et al. The UK accelerated immunisation programme and sudden 

unexpected death in infancy: case-control study. BMJ 2001;322:822-5. 

34. DeStefano F, Chen RT. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological 

evidence for a causal association. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;136:125-6. 

35. Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, et al. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no 

epidemiological evidence for a causal association. The Lancet 1999;353:2026-9. 

36. Halsey NA, Hyman SL, Conference Writing Panel. Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic 

spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference 

convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12–13, 2000. Pediatrics 2001;107:e84. 

37. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 16–17 

December 2002. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2003;78:17-20. 

38. The Editors of The Lancet. Retraction – Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, 

and pervasive developmental disorder in children. [Retraction of Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, 

Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, Berelowitz M, Dhillon AP, Thomson MA, Harvey P, 

Valentine A, Davies SE, Walker-Smith JA. Lancet. 1998 Feb 28;351(9103):637-41; PMID: 

9500320]. The Lancet 2010;375:445. 

39. Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield‘s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was 

fraudulent [editorial]. BMJ 2011;342:c7452. 

40. Monteyne P, André FE. Is there a causal link between hepatitis B vaccination and multiple 

sclerosis? Vaccine 2000;18:1994-2001. 

41. Ascherio A, Zhang SM, Hernán MA, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination and the risk of multiple 

sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:327-32. 

42. Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Clements CJ, Jefferson T. Hepatitis B vaccination and 

multiple sclerosis: evidence from a systematic review. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2003;10:343-4. 

43. World Health Organization (WHO). The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety rejects 

association between hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis (MS). 2002. Available at: 

http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/topics/hepatitisb/ms/en (accessed Nov 2011). 

44. MacIntyre CR, McIntyre PB. MMR, autism and inflammatory bowel disease: responding to 

patient concerns using an evidence-based framework [editorial]. Medical Journal of Australia 

2001;175:127-8.

45. DeStefano F, Mullooly JP, Okoro CA, et al. Childhood vaccinations, vaccination timing, and risk 

of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2001;108:e112. 

46. Classen JB, Classen DC. Clustering of cases of insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) occurring 

three years after Hemophilus influenza B (HiB) immunization support causal relationship between 

immunization and IDDM. Autoimmunity 2002;35:247-53. 

47. Karvonen M, Cepaitis Z, Tuomilehto J. Association between type 1 diabetes and Haemophilus 

influenzae type b vaccination: birth cohort study. BMJ 1999;318:1169-72. 

48. Anderson HR, Poloniecki JD, Strachan DP, et al. Immunization and symptoms of atopic disease in 

children: results from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. American 

Journal of Public Health 2001;91:1126-9. 

49. Horvath J. Review of the management of adverse events associated with Panvax and Fluvax. 

Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2011. Available at: 

http://immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/11DFBB4FD968D072C 

A25789400172DA1/$File/adverse-event-march-2011.pdf (accessed Jan 2012). 

50. Blyth CC, Currie AJ, Wiertsema SP, et al. Trivalent influenza vaccine and febrile adverse events 

in Australia, 2010: clinical features and potential mechanisms. Vaccine 2011;29:5107-13. 




Part 3 Vaccination for special risk groups 

3.1 Vaccination for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 

References 

1. Dowling PJ. ‗A great deal of sickness‘: introduced diseases among the Aboriginal people of 

colonial southeast Australia, 1788–1900 [PhD thesis]. Canberra: Australian National University; 

1998. 

2. Boughton CR. Smallpox and Australia. Internal Medicine Journal 2002;32:59-61. 

3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). The health and welfare of Australia‘s 

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: an overview. Cat. no. IHW 42. Canberra: AIHW, 

2011. 

4. Eades SJ. Reconciliation, social equity and Indigenous health [editorial]. Medical Journal of 

Australia 2000;172:468-9. 

5. Menzies R, Turnour C, Chiu C, McIntyre P. Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination 

coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, Australia, 2003 to 2006. Communicable 

Diseases Intelligence 2008;32 Suppl:S2-67. 

6. WA Health, Western Australian Tuberculosis Control Program. BCG vaccination schedule for 

tuberculosis control (Information circular IC 0062/09). 5 November 2009. Available at: 

http://www.health.wa.gov.au/circularsnew/circular.cfm?Circ_ID=12563 (accessed Oct 2011). 

7. Barry C, Konstantinos A, National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee. Tuberculosis notifications 

in Australia, 2007. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2009;33:304-15. 

8. Simpson G, Knight T. Tuberculosis in Far North Queensland, Australia. International Journal of 

Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1999;3:1096-100. 

9. Beilby J, Reed J, Baker J, et al. Tuberculosis surveillance in the South Australian Aboriginal 

community. Medical Journal of Australia 1990;153:149-55. 

10. O‘Connor BA, Fritsche LL, Christensen AJ, McAnulty JM. Tuberculosis in NSW, 2003–2007. 

New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2009;20:59-68. 

11. Rodrigues LC, Diwan VK, Wheeler JG. Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis 

and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 1993;22:1154-8.

12. Deeks SL, Clark M, Scheifele DW, et al. Serious adverse events associated with Bacille Calmette- 

Guérin vaccine in Canada. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2005;24:538-41. 

13. Turnbull FM, McIntyre PB, Achat HM, et al. National study of adverse reactions after vaccination 

with bacille Calmette-Guérin. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002;34:447-53. 

14. Markey P, Krause V, Boslego JW, et al. The effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b 

conjugate vaccines in a high risk population measured using immunization register data. 

Epidemiology and Infection 2001;126:31-6. 

15. Hanna JN. Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination on Hib meningitis in 

children in Far North Queensland, 1989 to 2003. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 

2004;28:255-7. 

16. Adams L, Johnson G. Hepatitis A virus infection, immunisation and the Kimberley [letter]. 

Kimberley Public Health Bulletin 2003;May:13. 

17. Bowden FJ, Currie BJ, Miller NC, Locarnini SA, Krause VL. Should Aboriginals in the ―Top 

End‖ of the Northern Territory be vaccinated against hepatitis A? Medical Journal of Australia 

1994;161:372-3. 

18. Hanna JN, Warnock TH, Shepherd RW, Selvey LA. Fulminant hepatitis A in Indigenous children 

in north Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 2000;172:19-21. 

19. Hanna JN, Hills SL, Humphreys JL. Impact of hepatitis A vaccination of Indigenous children on 

notifications of hepatitis A in north Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 2004;181:482-5. 

20. Menzies R, McIntyre P. Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination policy for indigenous 

populations. Epidemiologic Reviews 2006;28:71-80. 

21. Torzillo PJ, Hanna JN, Morey F, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in central Australia. 

Medical Journal of Australia 1995;162:182-6. 

22. Fagan RL, Hanna JN, Messer RD, Brookes DL, Murphy DM. The epidemiology of invasive 

pneumococcal disease in children in Far North Queensland. Journal of Paediatrics and Child 

Health 2001;37:571-5. 

23. Krause VL, Reid SJ, Merianos A. Invasive pneumococcal disease in the Northern Territory of 

Australia, 1994–1998. [erratum appears in Med J Aust 2001 Mar 19;174(6):309]. Medical Journal 

of Australia 2000;173 Suppl:S27-31. 

24. Torzillo P, Dixon J, Manning K, et al. Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection in Central 

Australian Aboriginal children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1999;18:714-21. 

25. Morris PS. A systematic review of clinical research addressing the prevalence, aetiology, 

diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of otitis media in Australian Aboriginal children. Journal of 

Paediatrics and Child Health 1998;34:487-97. 

26. Lehmann D, Willis J, Moore HC, et al. The changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal 

disease in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Western Australians from 1997 through 2007 and 

emergence of nonvaccine serotypes. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010;50:1477-86. 

27. Hanna JN, Humphreys JL, Murphy DM. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Indigenous people in 

north Queensland: an update, 2005–2007. Medical Journal of Australia 2008;189:43-6. 

28. Roche PW, Krause V, Cook H, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2006. 

Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2008;32:18-30. 

29. Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S. A ―new‖ antigen in leukemia sera. JAMA 1965;191:541-6. 

30. Wan X, Mathews JD. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Aboriginal Australians. Australian 

Journal of Public Health 1994;18:286-90. 



32. The Kirby Institute. Bloodborne viral and sexually transmitted infections in Aboriginal and Torres 

Strait Islander people: surveillance and evaluation report 2011. Sydney: The Kirby Institute, the 

University of New South Wales, 2011. Available at: 

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35. Hanna JN, Faoagali JL, Buda PJ, Sheridan JW. Further observations on the immune response to 

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36. Kelly H, Mercer GN, Cheng AC. Quantifying the risk of pandemic influenza in pregnancy and 

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37. Simonsen L, Taylor RJ, Viboud C, Miller MA, Jackson LA. Mortality benefits of influenza 

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38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fiore AE, Uyeki TM, et al. Prevention and 

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40. Hanna JN, Young DM, Brookes DL, Dostie BG, Murphy DM. The initial coverage and impact of 

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41. Mak DB. Invasive pneumococcal disease in the Kimberley, 1995–2001. Australian Journal of 

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42. Moberley S, Krause V, Cook H, et al. Failure to vaccinate or failure of vaccine? Effectiveness of 

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43. Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, et al. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 

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44. Hanna JN, Smith GA, McCulloch BG, et al. An assessment of the interval between booster doses 

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45. Hunt JM, Lumley J. Top End rural and remote Indigenous women: an Australian population group 

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48. Rank C, Menzies RI. How reliable are Australian Childhood Immunisation Register coverage 

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49. Hull BP, McIntyre PB. Timeliness of childhood immunisation in Australia. Vaccine 

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50. Menzies R, Andrews R. Immunisation issues for Indigenous Australian children. Journal of 

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53. Hull BP, McIntyre PB. What do we know about 7vPCV coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait 

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120. Aurpibul L, Puthanakit T, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Response to measles, mumps, and 

rubella revaccination in HIV-infected children with immune recovery after highly active 

antiretroviral therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;45:637-42. 

121. Stermole BM, Grandits GA, Roediger MP, et al. Long-term safety and serologic response to 

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in HIV-1 infected adults. Vaccine 2011;29:2874-80. 

122. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases, Committee on Pediatric 

AIDS. Measles immunization in HIV-infected children. Pediatrics 1999;103:1057-60. 

123. Levin MJ, Gershon AA, Weinberg A, et al. Administration of live varicella vaccine to HIVinfected 

children with current or past significant depression of CD4 + T cells. Journal of Infectious 

Diseases 2006;194:247-55. 

124. Son M, Shapiro ED, LaRussa P, et al. Effectiveness of varicella vaccine in children infected with 

HIV. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010;201:1806-10. 

125. Weinberg A, Levin MJ, MacGregor RR. Safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated varicella 

vaccine in VZV-seropositive HIV-infected adults. Human Vaccines 2010;6:318-21. 

126. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kaplan JE, Benson C, et al. Guidelines for 

prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: 

recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association 

of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 

2009;58(RR-4):1-207. 

127. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Mofenson LM, Brady MT, et al. Guidelines 

for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected 

children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine 

Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases 

Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 

2009;58(RR-11):1-166. 

128. Veit O, Niedrig M, Chapuis-Taillard C, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of yellow fever 

vaccination for 102 HIV-infected patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009;48:659-66. 

129. Hesseling AC, Cotton MF, Fordham von Reyn C, et al. Consensus statement on the revised World 

Health Organization recommendations for BCG vaccination in HIV-infected infants. International 

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2008;12:1376-9. 

130. Mansoor N, Scriba TJ, de Kock M, et al. HIV-1 infection in infants severely impairs the immune 

response induced by Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 

2009;199:982-90. 

131. Tovo PA, de Martino M, Gabiano C, Galli L. Pertussis immunization in HIV-1-infected infants: a 

model to assess the effects of repeated T cell-dependent antigen administrations on HIV-1 

progression. Italian Register for HIV infection in children. Vaccine 2000;18:1203-9.

132. Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human 

papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010;202:1246-53. 

133. Bliss SJ, O‘Brien KL, Janoff EN, et al. The evidence for using conjugate vaccines to protect HIVinfected 

children against pneumococcal disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2008;8:67-80. 

134. Tasker SA, Treanor JJ, Paxton WB, Wallace MR. Efficacy of influenza vaccination in HIVinfected 

persons: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal 

Medicine 1999;131:430-3. 

135. Sullivan PS, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination on disease 

progression among HIV-infected persons. AIDS 2000;14:2781-5. 

136. Keller M, Deveikis A, Cutillar-Garcia M, et al. Pneumococcal and influenza immunization and 

human immunodeficiency virus load in children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 

2000;19:613-8. 

137. Macías J, Pineda JA, Leal M, et al. HIV-1 plasma viremia not increased in patients receiving 

highly active antiretroviral therapy after influenza vaccination. European Journal of Clinical 

Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2001;20:46-8. 

138. Potsch DV, Oliveira ML, Ginuíno C, et al. High rates of serological response to a modified 

hepatitis B vaccination schedule in HIV-infected adults subjects. Vaccine 2010;28:1447-50. 

139. Launay O, van der Vliet D, Rosenberg AR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of 4 intramuscular 

double doses and 4 intradermal low doses vs standard hepatitis B vaccine regimen in adults with 

HIV-1: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011;305:1432-40. 

140. Weinberg A, Gona P, Nachman SA, et al. Antibody responses to hepatitis A virus vaccine in HIVinfected 

children with evidence of immunologic reconstitution while receiving highly active 

antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006;193:302-11. 

141. Schutze GE, Mason EO, Jr., Barson WJ, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections in children with 

asplenia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21:278-82. 

142. Price VE, Dutta S, Blanchette VS, et al. The prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in 

children with asplenia or hyposplenia: practice considerations at the Hospital for Sick Children, 

Toronto. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 2006;46:597-603. 

143. Shatz DV, Schinsky MF, Pais LB, et al. Immune responses of splenectomized trauma patients to 

the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at 1 versus 7 versus 14 days after 

splenectomy. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 1998;44:760-5. 

144. Battersby AJ, Knox-Macaulay HH, Carrol ED. Susceptibility to invasive bacterial infections in 

children with sickle cell disease. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 2010;55:401-6. 

145. Spelman D, Buttery J, Daley A, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of sepsis in asplenic and 

hyposplenic patients. Internal Medicine Journal 2008;38:349-56. 

146. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate 

vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with 

immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization 

Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2012;61:816-9. 

147. Davies JM, Barnes R, Milligan D. Update of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of 

infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. Clinical Medicine 2002;2:440-3. 

148. 48Singh JA, Wells GA, Christensen R, et al. Adverse effects of biologics: a network meta-analysis 

and Cochrane overview. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011;(2):CD008794. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008794.pub2. 

149. Millonig G, Kern M, Ludwiczek O, Nachbaur K, Vogel W. Subfulminant hepatitis B after 

infliximab in Crohn‘s disease: need for HBV-screening? World Journal of Gastroenterology 

2006;12:974-6. 

150. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis 

factor neutralizing agent. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:1098-104. 

151. Offit PA, Hackett CJ. Addressing parents‘ concerns: do vaccines cause allergic or autoimmune 

diseases? Pediatrics 2003;111:653-9. 

152. Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Clements CJ, Jefferson T. Hepatitis B vaccination and 

multiple sclerosis: evidence from a systematic review. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2003;10:343-4. 

153. Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P, et al. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. 

New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:319-26.

154. Conti F, Rezai S, Valesini G. Vaccination and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmunity 

Reviews 2008;8:124-8. 



156. van Assen S, Agmon-Levin N, Elkayam O, et al. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in 

adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Annals of the Rheumatic 

Diseases 2011;70:414-22. 

157. Fomin I, Caspi D, Levy V, et al. Vaccination against influenza in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of 

disease modifying drugs, including TNFα blockers. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 

2006;65:191-4. 

158. Melmed GY. Vaccination strategies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease on 

immunomodulators and biologics. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2009;15:1410-6. 

159. Elkayam O, Caspi D, Reitblatt T, Charboneau D, Rubins JB. The effect of tumor necrosis factor 

blockade on the response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 

ankylosing spondylitis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;33:283-8. 

160. Kapetanovic MC, Saxne T, Sjöholm A, et al. Influence of methotrexate, TNF blockers and 

prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with 

rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2006;45:106-11. 

161. Klein NP, Aukes L, Lee J, et al. Evaluation of immunization rates and safety among children with 

inborn errors of metabolism. Pediatrics 2011;127:e1139-46. 

162. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cortese MM, Parashar UD. Prevention of 

rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee 

on Immunization Practices (ACIP). [erratum appears in MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Aug 

27;59(33):1074]. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2009;58(RR-2):1-25. 




164. Wahl M, Hermodsson S. Intradermal, subcutaneous or intramuscular administration of hepatitis B 

vaccine: side effects and antibody response. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 

1987;19:617-21. 

165. Mannucci PM, Gringeri A, Morfini M, et al. Immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine 

in hemophiliacs. American Journal of Hematology 1988;29:211-4. 

166. Siebert JN, Posfay-Barbe KM, Habre W, Siegrist CA. Influence of anesthesia on immune 

responses and its effect on vaccination in children: review of evidence. Paediatric Anaesthesia 

2007;17:410-20. 

167. Short JA, van der Walt JH, Zoanetti DC. Immunization and anesthesia – an international survey. 

Pediatric Anesthesia 2006;16:514-22. 

168. Maltezou HC, Wicker S, Borg M, et al. Vaccination policies for health-care workers in acute 

health-care facilities in Europe. Vaccine 2011;29:9557-62. 

169. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shefer A, Atkinson W, et al. Immunization of 

health-care personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices 

(ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2011;60(RR-7):1-45. 

170. Thomas S, Douglas P, Smith M. Refugee health. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 

2010;21:101-2. 

171. Diversity Health Institute. Refugee health clinics for children. Diversit-e. Issue 1, 2011. Available 

at: http://www.dhi.health.nsw.gov.au/Diversit-e/Diversit-e/default.aspx (accessed Dec 2011). 

172. Weinbaum CM, Sabin KM, Santibanez SS. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in correctional 

populations: a review of epidemiology and prevention. AIDS 2005;19 Suppl 3:S41-6. 

173. Crofts N, Cooper G, Stewart T, et al. Exposure to hepatitis A virus among blood donors, injecting 

drug users and prison entrants in Victoria. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 1997;4:333-8. 

174. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Weinbaum C, Lyerla R, Margolis HS. 

Prevention and control of infections with hepatitis viruses in correctional settings. [erratum 

appears in MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Mar 14;52(10):205-14]. MMWR Recommendations and 

Reports 2003;52(RR-1):1-36.

Part 4 Vaccine-preventable diseases 

4.1 Cholera 

References 

1. Seas C, Gotuzzo E. Vibrio cholerae. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, 

and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill 

Livingstone, 2010. 

2. Zuckerman JN, Rombo L, Fisch A. The true burden and risk of cholera: implications for 

prevention and control. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2007;7:521-30. 

3. NNDSS Annual Report Writing Group. Australia‘s notifiable disease status, 2008: annual report 

of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 

2010;34:157-224. 

4. Jelinek T, Kollaritsch H. Vaccination with Dukoral ® against travelers‘ diarrhea (ETEC) and 

cholera. Expert Review of Vaccines 2008;7:561-7. 

5. Weinke T, Liebold I, Burchard GD, et al. Prophylactic immunisation against traveller‘s diarrhoea 

caused by enterotoxin-forming strains of Escherichia coli and against cholera: does it make sense 

and for whom? Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2008;6:362-7. 

6. Rao A, Stockwell BA. The Queensland cholera incident of 1977. 1. The index case. Bulletin of the 

World Health Organization 1980;58:663-4. 

7. Forssman B, Mannes T, Musto J, et al. Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor cluster in Sydney linked to 

imported whitebait. Medical Journal of Australia 2007;187:345-7. 

8. Clemens JD, Sack DA, Harris JR, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: results 

from three-year follow-up. The Lancet 1990;335:270-3. 

9. Clemens JD, Harris JR, Sack DA, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: results 

of one year of follow-up. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988;158:60-9. 

10. Clemens JD, Sack DA, Harris JR, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. The 

Lancet 1986;2:124-7. 

11. Clemens JD, Stanton BF, Chakraborty J, et al. B subunit-whole cell and whole cell-only oral 

vaccines against cholera: studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity. Journal of Infectious 

Diseases 1987;155:79-85. 

12. Taylor DN, Cárdenas V, Sanchez JL, et al. Two-year study of the protective efficacy of the oral 

whole cell plus recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in Peru. Journal of Infectious Diseases 

2000;181:1667-73. 

13. Sanchez JL, Vasquez B, Begue RE, et al. Protective efficacy of oral whole-cell/recombinant-Bsubunit 

cholera vaccine in Peruvian military recruits. The Lancet 1994;344:1273-6. 

14. van Loon FP, Clemens JD, Chakraborty J, et al. Field trial of inactivated oral cholera vaccines in 

Bangladesh: results from 5 years of follow-up. Vaccine 1996;14:162-6. 

15. Lucas ME, Deen JL, von Seidlein L, et al. Effectiveness of mass oral cholera vaccination in Beira, 

Mozambique. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;352:757-67. 

16. Peltola H, Siitonen A, Kyrönseppä H, et al. Prevention of travellers‘ diarrhoea by oral B- 

subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine. The Lancet 1991;338:1285-9. 

17. Clemens JD, Sack DA, Harris JR, et al. Cross-protection by B subunit-whole cell cholera vaccine 

against diarrhea associated with heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: 

results of a large-scale field trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988;158:372-7. 

18. Steffen R, Castelli F, Nothdurft HD, Rombo L, Zuckerman JN. Vaccination against 

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, a cause of travelers‘ diarrhea. Journal of Travel Medicine 

2005;12:102-7. 

19. Hill DR, Ford L, Lalloo DG. Oral cholera vaccines: use in clinical practice. The Lancet Infectious 

Diseases 2006;6:361-73. 

20. DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Farthing MJ, et al. Expert review of the evidence base for prevention of 

travelers‘ diarrhea. Journal of Travel Medicine 2009;16:149-60.

21. Trach DD, Clemens JD, Ke NT, et al. Field trial of a locally produced, killed, oral cholera vaccine 

in Vietnam. The Lancet 1997;349:231-5. 

22. Trach DD, Cam PD, Ke NT, et al. Investigations into the safety and immunogenicity of a killed 

oral cholera vaccine developed in Viet Nam. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 

2002;80:2-8. 

23. Sur D, Lopez AL, Kanungo S, et al. Efficacy and safety of a modified killed-whole-cell oral 

cholera vaccine in India: an interim analysis of a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled 

trial. [erratum appears in Lancet. 2010 Oct 23;376(9750):1392]. The Lancet 

2009;374:1694-702. 


Health and Ageing, 2005. Available at: 

http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/provider-store 


25. World Health Organization (WHO). Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly 


26. Department of Health (UK). Cholera. In: Salisbury D, Ramsay M, Noakes K, eds. Immunisation 

against infectious disease (The green book). London: The Stationery Office, 2011. Available at: 

https://www.wp.dh.gov.uk/immunisation/files/2012/07/chapter-14.pdf (accessed Oct 2012). 

4.2 Diphtheria 

References 

1. Vitek CR, Wharton M. Diphtheria toxoid. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 

5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. 

2. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). National communicable diseases 

surveillance report. Fortnight 10, 2011 summary notes for selected diseases. 7 to 20 May 2011. 

Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cdnareport-fn10- 

11.htm (accessed June 2011). 

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Diphtheria. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe C, 

Hamborsky J, eds. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. 12th ed. 

Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation, 2011. 

4. Gidding HF, Burgess MA, Kempe AE. A short history of vaccination in Australia. [erratum 

appears in Med J Aust 2001 Mar 5;174(5):260]. Medical Journal of Australia 2001;174:37-40. 

5. Gidding HF, Burgess MA, Gilbert GL. Diphtheria in Australia, recent trends and future prevention 

strategies. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2000;24:165-7. 

6. Lin M, Roche P, Spencer J, et al. Australia‘s notifiable diseases status, 2000. Annual report of the 

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. [erratum appears in Commun Dis Intell 

2002;26(3):374]. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2002;26:118-203. 

7. Sutter RW, Hardy IR, Kozlova IA, et al. Immunogenicity of tetanus-diphtheria toxoids (Td) 

among Ukrainian adults: implications for diphtheria control in the Newly Indepe ndent States of 

the former Soviet Union. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;181 Suppl 1:S197-202. 

8. Hasselhorn HM, Nübling M, Tiller FW, Hofmann F. Factors influencing immunity against 

diphtheria in adults. Vaccine 1998;16:70-5. 

9. Maple PA, Jones CS, Wall EC, et al. Immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in England and Wales. 

Vaccine 2000;19:167-73. 

10. McQuillan GM, Kruszon-Moran D, Deforest A, Chu SY, Wharton M. Serologic immunity to 

diphtheria and tetanus in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002;136:660-6. 

11. Gidding HF, Backhouse JL, Burgess MA, Gilbert GL. Immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in 

Australia: a national serosurvey. Medical Journal of Australia 2005;183:301-4. 

12. Marlovits S, Stocker R, Efstratiou A, et al. Effect on diphtheria immunity of combined tetanus and 

diphtheria booster vaccination in adults. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and 

Infectious Diseases 2000;19:506-13. 


Health and Ageing, 2005. Available at:






16. Eskola J, Ward J, Dagan R, et al. Combined vaccination of Haemophilus influenzae type b 

conjugate and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis containing acellular pertussis. The Lancet 

1999;354:2063-8. 

17. McVernon J, Andrews N, Slack MP, Ramsay ME. Risk of vaccine failure after Haemophilus 

influenzae type b (Hib) combination vaccines with acellular pertussis. The Lancet 2003;361:1521- 

3. 

18. Schmitt HJ, von Kries R, Hassenpflug B, et al. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease: impact and 

effectiveness of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis (-inactivated poliovirus)/H. 

influenzae type b combination vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2001;20:767-74. 

19. Kalies H, Verstraeten T, Grote V, et al. Four and one-half-year follow-up of the effectiveness of 

diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis/Haemophilus influenzae type b and diphtheriatetanus 

toxoids-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus/H. influenzae type b combination 

vaccines in Germany. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004;23:944-50. 





21. Knuf M, Habermehl P, Cimino C, Petersen G, Schmitt HJ. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and 

safety of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) concurrently administered with a 

DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib combination vaccine in healthy infants. Vaccine 2006;24:4727-36. 

22. Tichmann-Schumann I, Soemantri P, Behre U, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of four 

doses of diphtheria-tetanus-three-component acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated polio virus- 

Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine coadministered with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate 

vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2005;24:70-7. 

23. Gimenez-Sanchez F, Kieninger DM, Kueper K, et al. Immunogenicity of a combination vaccine 

containing diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, three-component acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, 

inactivated polio virus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b when given concomitantly with 13- 

valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2011;29:6042-8. 

24. van den Bergh MR, Spijkerman J, François N, et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of 

the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine and 

DTPa-IPV-Hib when coadministered as a 3-dose primary vaccination schedule in The 

Netherlands: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2011;30:e170-8. 

25. Omeñaca F, Garcia-Sicilia J, García-Corbeira P, et al. Response of preterm newborns to 

immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B virus-inactivated 

polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine: first experiences and solutions to a serious and 

sensitive issue. Pediatrics 2005;116:1292-8. 

26. Davies JM, Barnes R, Milligan D. Update of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of 

infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. Clinical Medicine 2002;2:440-3. 

4.4 Hepatitis A 

References 

1. Koff RS. Hepatitis A. The Lancet 1998;351:1643-9. 

2. Fiore AE, Feinstone SM, Bell BP. Hepatitis A vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, 

eds. Vaccines. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. 

3. Wasley A, Feinstone SM, Bell BP. Hepatitis A virus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. 

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. 

Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2010. 

4. Hanna JN, Warnock TH, Shepherd RW, Selvey LA. Fulminant hepatitis A in Indigenous children 

in north Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 2000;172:19-21. 

5. Hanna JN, Humphreys JL, Hills SL, Richards AR, Brookes DL. Recognising and responding to 

outbreaks of hepatitis A associated with child day-care centres. Australian and New Zealand 

Journal of Public Health 2001;25:525-8.

6. Hanna JN, Hills SL, Humphreys JL. Impact of hepatitis A vaccination of Indigenous children on 

notifications of hepatitis A in north Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 2004;181:482-5. 

7. Ferson MJ, Young LC, Stokes ML. Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in the 1990s in Sydney, 

Australia. Epidemiology and Infection 1998;121:631-6. 

8. Bell JC, Crewe EB, Capon AG. Seroprevalence of hepatitis A antibodies among residents of a 

centre for people with developmental disabilities. Australian and New Zealand Journal of 

Medicine 1994;24:365-7. 

9. Conaty S, Bird P, Bell G, et al. Hepatitis A in New South Wales, Australia, from consumption of 

oysters: the first reported outbreak. Epidemiology and Infection 2000;124:121-30. 

10. Donnan EJ, Fielding JE, Gregory JE, et al. A multistate outbreak of hepatitis A associated with 

semidried tomatoes in Australia, 2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;54:775-81. 



12. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention (CDC). Update: Prevention of hepatitis A after exposure to hepatitis A virus and in 

international travelers. Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization 


13. Hendrickx G, Van Herck K, Vorsters A, et al. Has the time come to control hepatitis A globally? 

Matching prevention to the changing epidemiology. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2008;15 Suppl 2:1- 

15. 

14. Ward K, McAnulty J. Hepatitis A: who in NSW is most at risk of infection? New South Wales 

Public Health Bulletin 2008;19:32-5. 

15. Abbott T, Minister for Health and Ageing. Government provides free hepatitis A vaccine to 

Indigenous children. Media release (ABB079/05). 28 June 2005. Available at: 

http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/content/health-mediarel-yr2005-taabb079.htm/$FILE/abb079.pdf 

(accessed Mar 2011). 

16. Markey P. Nearing elimination of hepatitis A in the Northern Territory following immunisation of 

Indigenous infants. The Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin 2010;17(3):1-6. 

17. Menzies R, McIntyre P, Beard F. Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in 

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, Australia, 1999 to 2002. Communicable Diseases 

Intelligence 2004;28 Suppl 1:S1-45. 

18. World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis A vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly 


19. MacIntyre CR, Burgess M, Isaacs D, et al. Epidemiology of severe hepatitis A in Indigenous 

Australian children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2007;43:383-7. 

20. Werzberger A, Mensch B, Kuter B, et al. A controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A 

vaccine in healthy children. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327:453-7. 

21. Innis BL, Snitbhan R, Kunasol P, et al. Protection against hepatitis A by an inactivated vaccine. 

JAMA 1994;271:1328-34. 

22. Van Damme P, Banatvala J, Fay O, et al. Hepatitis A booster vaccination: is there a need? The 

Lancet 2003;362:1065-71. 





24. Dumas R, Forrat R, Lang J, Farinelli T, Loutan L. Safety and immunogenicity of a new 

inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in concurrent administration with a typhoid fever vaccine or a 

typhoid fever + yellow fever vaccine. Advances in Therapy 1997;14:160-7. 

25. Sharapov UM. Infectious diseases related to travel. Hepatitis A. In: Brunette GW, Kozarsky PE, 

Magill AJ, Shlim DR, Whatley AD, eds. CDC Health information for international travel: The 

Yellow Book 2012. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Available at: 

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-totravel/hepatitis-a.htm 


26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of 

hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee 

on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2006;55(RR-7):1-23.

27. Keeffe EB, Iwarson S, McMahon BJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in 

patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1998;27:881-6. 

28. Dumot JA, Barnes DS, Younossi Z, et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in 

decompensated liver disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1999;94:1601-4. 

29. Nothdurft HD, Dietrich M, Zuckerman JN, et al. A new accelerated vaccination schedule for rapid 

protection against hepatitis A and B. Vaccine 2002;20:1157-62. 

30. Wallace MR, Brandt CJ, Earhart KC, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis 

A vaccine among HIV-infected subjects. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;39:1207-13. 



at: http://www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs (accessed July 2012). 

4.5 Hepatitis B 

References 

1. Mast EE, Ward JW. Hepatitis B vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 


2. Dandri M, Locarnini S. New insight in the pathobiology of hepatitis B virus infection. Gut 

2012;61 Suppl 1:i6-17. 

3. Shepard CW, Simard EP, Finelli L, Fiore AE, Bell BP. Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology 

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76. Ma W, Kahn RE, Richt JA. The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and 

veterinary implications. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine 2009;3:158-66. 

77. Nichol KL, D‘Heilly SJ, Greenberg ME, Ehlinger E. Burden of influenza-like illness and 

effectiveness of influenza vaccination among working adults aged 50–64 years. Clinical Infectious 

Diseases 2009;48:292-8.

78. Marti F, Steffen R, Mutsch M. Influenza vaccine: a travelers‘ vaccine? Expert Review of Vaccines 

2008;7:679-87. 

79. Munoz FM, Greisinger AJ, Wehmanen OA, et al. Safety of influenza vaccination during 

pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;192:1098-106. 

80. Pool V, Iskander J. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy [letter]. American Journal of 

Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;194:1200. 

81. Tamma PD, Ault KA, del Rio C, et al. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. 

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;201:547-52. 



2011;106:11-6. 

83. Mullins RJ, Gold MS. Influenza vaccination of the egg-allergic individual [letter]. Medical 



practitioners: Influenza vaccination of the egg-allergic individual. 2010. Available at: 

http://www.allergy.org.au/health-professionals/papers/influenza-vaccination-of-the-egg-allergicindividual 


85. Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M, Brathwaite N, Lucas JS, Warner JO. Recommendations for the 

administration of influenza vaccine in children allergic to egg. BMJ 2009;339:912-5. 

86. Kelso JM. Administration of influenza vaccines to patients with egg allergy: update for the 2010– 

2011 season [letter]. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010;126:1302-4. 

87. Burwen DR, Ball R, Bryan WW, et al. Evaluation of Guillain-Barré Syndrome among recipients 

of influenza vaccine in 2000 and 2001. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;39:296- 

304. 

88. Kelly H, Carcione D, Dowse G, Effler P. Quantifying benefits and risks of vaccinating Australian 

children aged six months to four years with trivalent inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine in 

2010. Eurosurveillance 2010;15(37):pii=19661. 

89. Mahajan D, Roomiani I, Gold MS, et al. Annual report: surveillance of adverse events following 

immunisation in Australia, 2009. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2010;34:259-76. 




91. Armstrong PK, Dowse GK, Effler PV, et al. Epidemiological study of severe febrile reactions in 

young children in Western Australia caused by a 2010 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. BMJ 

Open 2011;1:e000016. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2010-000016. 


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vaccination. 2010. Available at: http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/alerts-medicine-seasonal-flu- 

100702.pdf (accessed Sep 2012). 

93. Duggan ST, Plosker GL. Intanza ® 15 μg intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine in older adults 

(aged 60 years): profile report. Biodrugs 2010;24:407-9. 



95. Nohynek H, Jokinen J, Partinen M, et al. AS03 adjuvanted AH1N1 vaccine associated with an 

abrupt increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy in Finland. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e33536. 


96. Dauvilliers Y, Montplaisir J, Cochen V, et al. Post-H1N1 narcolepsy-cataplexy [letter]. Sleep 

2010;33:1428-30. 

97. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Influenza infection: CDNA national 

guidelines for public health units. 2011. Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs 

(accessed July 2012).

4.8 Japanese encephalitis 

References 

1. Solomon T, Dung NM, Kneen R, et al. Japanese encephalitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery 

and Psychiatry 2000;68:405-15. 

2. Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, et al. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres 

Strait, Australia, 1995. Medical Journal of Australia 1996;165:256-60. 

3. Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, et al. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 

1998. Medical Journal of Australia 1999;170:533-6. 

4. Johansen CA, van den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, et al. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from 

mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, 1997– 

1998. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;62:631-8. 

5. Hanson JP, Taylor CT, Richards AR, Smith IL, Boutlis CS. Japanese encephalitis acquired near 

Port Moresby: implications for residents and travellers to Papua New Guinea [letter]. Medical 

Journal of Australia 2004;181:282. 

6. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. National Notifiable Diseases 

Surveillance System. Number of notifications of Japanese encephalitis virus infection, Australia, 

in the period of 1991 to 2011 and year-to-date notifications for 2012. 2012. Available at: 

http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/Source/Rpt_3.cfm (accessed May 2012). 

7. Kari K, Liu W, Gautama K, et al. A hospital-based surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Bali, 

Indonesia. BMC Medicine 2006;4:8. 

8. Hills SL, Nett RJ, Fischer M. Infectious diseases related to travel. Japanese encephalitis. In: 

Brunette GW, Kozarsky PE, Magill AJ, Shlim DR, Whatley AD, eds. CDC Health information for 

international travel: The Yellow Book 2012. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Available 

at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-totravel/japanese-encephalitis.htm 


9. Torresi J, McCarthy K, Feroldi E, Méric C. Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability in adults of a 

new single-dose, live-attenuated vaccine against Japanese encephalitis: randomised controlled 

phase 3 trials. Vaccine 2010;28:7993-8000. 

10. Chokephaibulkit K, Sirivichayakul C, Thisyakorn U, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a single 

administration of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine in previously primed 2- to 5-yearolds 

and naive 12- to 24-month-olds: multicenter randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Infectious 


11. Monath TP, McCarthy K, Bedford P, et al. Clinical proof of principle for ChimeriVax: 

recombinant live, attenuated vaccines against flavivirus infections. Vaccine 2002;20:1004-18. 

12. Nasveld PE, Ebringer A, Elmes N, et al. Long-term immunity to live attenuated Japanese 

encephalitis chimeric virus vaccine: randomized, double-blind, five-year phase II study in healthy 

adults. Human Vaccines 2010;6:1038-46. 

13. Monath TP, Guirakhoo F, Nichols R, et al. Chimeric live, attenuated vaccine against Japanese 

encephalitis (ChimeriVax-JE): phase 2 clinical trials for safety and immunogenicity, effect of 

vaccine dose and schedule, and memory response to challenge with inactivated Japanese 

encephalitis antigen. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;188:1213-30. 

14. Tauber E, Kollaritsch H, Korinek M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a Vero-cell-derived, 

inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine: a non-inferiority, phase III, randomised controlled trial. 

The Lancet 2007;370:1847-53. 

15. Schuller E, Jilma B, Voicu V, et al. Long-term immunogenicity of the new Vero cell-derived, 

inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine IC51: six and 12 month results of a multicenter 

follow-up phase 3 study. Vaccine 2008;26:4382-6. 

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for use of a booster dose of 

inactivated Vero cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine – Advisory Committee on 

Immunization Practices, 2011. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2011;60:661-3. 

17. Dubischar-Kastner K, Eder S, Buerger V, et al. Long-term immunity and immune response to a 

booster dose following vaccination with the inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine IXIARO ® , 

IC51. Vaccine 2010;28:5197-202.

18. Eder S, Dubischar-Kastner K, Firbas C, et al. Long term immunity following a booster dose of the 

inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine IXIARO ® , IC51. Vaccine 2011;29:2607-12. 

19. Kaltenböck A, Dubischar-Kastner K, Schuller E, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of IXIARO ® 

(IC51) in a Phase II study in healthy Indian children between 1 and 3 years of age. Vaccine 

2010;28:834-9. 

20. Dubischar-Kastner K, Kadlecek V, Sablan B, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the inactivated 

Japanese encephalitis vaccine IXIARO ® , IC51, in Filipino children aged 2 months to

6. Brotherton J, Wang H, Schaffer A, et al. Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in 

Australia, 2003 to 2005. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2007;31 Suppl:viii-S152. 



8. Martin N, Foxwell AR. Measles status in Australia, and outbreaks in the first quarter of 2009. 

[erratum appears in Commun Dis Intell. 2010 Jun;34(2):152]. Communicable Diseases 


9. Heath T, Burgess M, McIntyre P, Catton M. The national measles surveillance strategy. 


10. Cottrell S, Roberts RJ. Measles outbreak in Europe [editorial]. BMJ 2011;342:d3724. 

11. Hull BP, Mahajan D, Dey A, Menzies RI, McIntyre PB. Immunisation coverage annual report, 

2008. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2010;34:241-58. 

12. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. Let‘s work together to beat measles. A 

report on Australia‘s Measles Control Campaign. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health 

and Aged Care, 2000. 

13. Turnbull FM, Burgess MA, McIntyre PB, et al. The Australian Measles Control Campaign, 1998. 

Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001;79:882-8. 

14. Gidding HF, Gilbert GL. Measles immunity in young Australian adults. Communicable Diseases 


15. Lambert SB, Morgan ML, Riddell MA, et al. Measles outbreak in young adults in Victoria, 1999. 




2011;35:61-131. 

17. McIntyre P, Gidding H, Gilmour R, et al. Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage 

in Australia, 1999 to 2000. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2002;26 Suppl:1-111. 

18. Huppatz C, Kelly PM, Levi C, et al. Encephalitis in Australia, 1979–2006: trends and aetiologies. 


19. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO guidelines for epidemic preparedness and response to 

measles outbreaks. WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.1. Geneva: WHO, 1999. Available at: 

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_CDS_CSR_ISR_99.1.pdf (accessed July 2011). 

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory 

Network, January 2004–June 2005. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

2005;54:1100-4. 

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Global measles mortality, 2000–2008. MMWR 

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2009;58:1321-6. 

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Progress toward the 2012 measles elimination 

goal – Western Pacific Region, 1990–2008. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

2009;58:669-73. 

23. Kelly H, Riddell M, Heywood A, Lambert S. WHO criteria for measles elimination: a critique 

with reference to criteria for polio elimination. Eurosurveillance 2009;14(50):pii=19445. 

24. Markowitz LE, Preblud SR, Fine PE, Orenstein WA. Duration of live measles vaccine-induced 

immunity. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1990;9:101-10. 

25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Watson JC, Hadler SC, et al. Measles, 

mumps, and rubella – vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and 

congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee 

on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports 1998;47(RR-8):1-57. 

26. Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, Di Pietrantonj C. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella 

in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012;(2):CD004407. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3. 

27. Uzicanin A, Zimmerman L. Field effectiveness of live attenuated measles-containing vaccines: a 

review of published literature. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011;204 Suppl 1:S133-48. 

28. Kuter BJ, Hoffman Brown ML, Hartzel J, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a combination 

measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (ProQuad ® ). Human Vaccines 2006;2:205-14.

29. Knuf M, Habermehl P, Zepp F, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of two doses of tetravalent 

measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine in healthy children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 

2006;25:12-8. 

30. Lieberman JM, Williams WR, Miller JM, et al. The safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent 

measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine in healthy children: a study of manufacturing 

consistency and persistence of antibody. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25:615-22. 

31. Schuster V, Otto W, Maurer L, et al. Immunogenicity and safety assessments after one and two 

doses of a refrigerator-stable tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine in healthy 

children during the second year of life. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008;27:724-30. 

32. Blatter MM, Klein NP, Shepard JS, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of two tetravalent (measles, 

mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccines coadministered with hepatitis A and pneumococcal conjugate 

vaccines to children twelve to fourteen months of age. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 

2012;31:e133-40. 





34. Knuf M, Zepp F, Meyer CU, et al. Safety, immunogenicity and immediate pain of intramuscular 

versus subcutaneous administration of a measles–mumps–rubella–varicella vaccine to children 

aged 11–21 months. European Journal of Pediatrics 2010;169:925-33. 





36. Verstraeten T, Jumaan AO, Mullooly JP, et al. A retrospective cohort study of the association of 

varicella vaccine failure with asthma, steroid use, age at vaccination, and measles-mumps-rubella 

vaccination. Pediatrics 2003;112:e98-103. 

37. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Measles: national guidelines for public 



38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Revised ACIP recommendation for avoiding 

pregnancy after receiving a rubella-containing vaccine. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly 

Report 2001;50:1117. 



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42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommended adult immunization schedule 

— United States, 2012 (QuickGuide). MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

2012;61(4):1-7. 





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47. Aickin R, Hill D, Kemp A. Measles immunisation in children with allergy to egg. BMJ 

1994;309:223-5. 





49. Stermole BM, Grandits GA, Roediger MP, et al. Long-term safety and serologic response to 

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in HIV-1 infected adults. Vaccine 2011;29:2874-80. 

50. Black C, Kaye JA, Jick H. MMR vaccine and idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura. British 

Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2003;55:107-11. 

51. Miller E, Waight P, Farrington P, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and MMR vaccine. 


52. Mantadakis E, Farmaki E, Buchanan GR. Thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumpsrubella 

vaccination: a systematic review of the literature and guidance for management. Journal of 

Pediatrics 2010;156:623-8. 

53. Starr S, Berkovich S. Effects of measles, gamma-globulin-modified measles and vaccine measles 

on the tuberculin test. New England Journal of Medicine 1964;270:386-91. 

54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Fact sheet: Interferon-gamma release assays 

(IGRAs) – blood tests for TB infection. 2011. Available at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/IGRA.htm (accessed July 2011). 

55. Klein NP, Fireman B, Yih WK, et al. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and 

the risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics 2010;126:e1-8. 

56. Jacobsen SJ, Ackerson BK, Sy LS, et al. Observational safety study of febrile convulsion 

following first dose MMRV vaccination in a managed care setting. Vaccine 2009;27:4656-61. 

57. Klein NP, Lewis E, Baxter R, et al. Measles-containing vaccines and febrile seizures in children 

age 4 to 6 years. Pediatrics 2012;129:809-14. 

58. American Academy of Pediatrics. Varicella-zoster infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, 

Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2009 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 

28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2009. 

59. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific 

colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet 1998;351:637-41. 

60. Murch SH, Anthony A, Casson DH, et al. Retraction of an interpretation. [retraction of Wakefield 

AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, Berelowitz M, Dhillon AP, Thomson 

MA, Harvey P, Valentine A, Davies SE, Walker-Smith JA. Lancet. 1998 Feb 28;351(9103):637- 

41]. The Lancet 2004;363:750. 

61. MacIntyre CR, McIntyre PB. MMR, autism and inflammatory bowel disease: responding to 

patient concerns using an evidence-based framework [editorial]. Medical Journal of Australia 

2001;175:127-8. 

62. Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and 

rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347:1477-82. 

63. Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, et al. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems 

or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. BMJ 2002;324:393-6. 

64. Peltola H, Patja A, Leinikki P, et al. No evidence for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccineassociated 

inflammatory bowel disease or autism in a 14-year prospective study. The Lancet 

1998;351:1327-8.

4.10 Meningococcal disease 

References 

1. Granoff DM, Harrison LH, Borrow R. Meningococcal vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, 

Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. 

2. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Guidelines for the early clinical and public 

health management of meningococcal disease in Australia. (Endorsed October 2007). Canberra: 

Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2009. Available at: 

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(accessed Aug 2011). 

3. Robinson P, Taylor K, Nolan T. Risk-factors for meningococcal disease in Victoria, Australia, in 

1997. Epidemiology and Infection 2001;127:261-8. 

4. McCall BJ, Neill AS, Young MM. Risk factors for invasive meningococcal disease in southern 

Queensland, 2000-2001. Internal Medicine Journal 2004;34:464-8. 

5. Jelfs J, Jalaludin B, Munro R, et al. A cluster of meningococcal disease in western Sydney, 

Australia initially associated with a nightclub. Epidemiology and Infection 1998;120:263-70. 

6. Ferson M, Young L, Hansen G, et al. Unusual cluster of mild invasive serogroup C meningococcal 

infection in a university college. [erratum appears in Commun Dis Intell 1999 Oct 28;23(11):305]. 


7. Robinson P, Taylor K, Tallis G, et al. An outbreak of serogroup C meningococcal disease 

associated with a secondary school. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2001;25:121-5. 

8. Jardine A, Truman G, Sheppeard V, et al. A community outbreak of meningococcal serogroup B 

disease in western Sydney: the challenges of identification and significance. Communicable 



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territory health authorities in the period of 1991 to 2010 and year-to-date notifications for 2011. 

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12. de Voer RM, Mollema L, Schepp RM, et al. Immunity against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C 

in the Dutch population before and after introduction of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. 

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13. Campbell H, Borrow R, Salisbury D, Miller E. Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine: the 

experience in England and Wales. Vaccine 2009;27 Suppl 2:B20-9. 

14. Maiden MC, Ibarz-Pavón AB, Urwin R, et al. Impact of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate 

vaccines on carriage and herd immunity. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;197:737-43. 

15. Oster P, Lennon D, O‘Hallahan J, et al. MeNZB: a safe and highly immunogenic tailor-made 

vaccine against the New Zealand Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B disease epidemic strain. 

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16. O‘Hallahan J, McNicholas A, Galloway Y, O‘Leary E, Roseveare C. Delivering a safe and 

effective strain-specific vaccine to control an epidemic of group B meningococcal disease. New 

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17. Campbell H, Andrews N, Borrow R, Trotter C, Miller E. Updated postlicensure surveillance of the 

meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in England and Wales: effectiveness, validation of serological 

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18. National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Update on the invasive meningococcal 

disease and meningococcal vaccine conjugate recommendations: an Advisory Committee 

Statement (ACS). Canada Communicable Disease Report 2009;35(ACS-3):1-39.

19. de Greeff SC, de Melker HE, Spanjaard L, Schouls LM, van DerEnde A. Protection from routine 

vaccination at the age of 14 months with meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in the 

Netherlands. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25:79-80. 

20. Pace D, Snape M, Westcar S, et al. A new combination Haemophilus influenzae type b and 

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine for primary immunization of 

infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2007;26:1057-9. 

21. Schmitt HJ, Maechler G, Habermehl P, et al. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and immune 

memory after primary vaccination with a novel Haemophilus influenzae-Neisseria meningitidis 

serogroup C conjugate vaccine. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology: CVI 2007;14:426-34. 

22. Pace D, Snape M, Westcar S, et al. A novel combined Hib-MenC-TT glycoconjugate vaccine as a 

booster dose for toddlers: a phase 3 open randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in 

Childhood 2008;93:963-70. 

23. Marchant CD, Miller JM, Marshall GS, et al. Randomized trial to assess immunogenicity and 

safety of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y-tetanus 

toxoid conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2010;29:48-52. 

24. Tejedor JC, Moro M, Merino JM, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a booster dose of a 

novel combined Haemophilus influenzae type b-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C-tetanus toxoid 

conjugate vaccine given to toddlers of 13–14 months of age with antibody persistence up to 31 

months of age. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008;27:579-88. 

25. Carmona A, Miranda M, Barrio F, et al. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of combined 

Haemophilus influenzae type b-meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine booster dose 

coadministered with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 

2010;29:269-71. 

26. Gasparini R, Conversano M, Bona G, et al. Randomized trial on the safety, tolerability, and 

immunogenicity of MenACWY-CRM, an investigational quadrivalent meningococcal 

glycoconjugate vaccine, administered concomitantly with a combined tetanus, reduced diphtheria, 

and acellular pertussis vaccine in adolescents and young adults. Clinical and Vaccine 

Immunology: CVI 2010;17:537-44. 

27. Jackson LA, Baxter R, Reisinger K, et al. Phase III comparison of an investigational quadrivalent 

meningococcal conjugate vaccine with the licensed meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccine in 

adolescents. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009;49:e1-10. 

28. Keyserling H, Papa T, Koranyi K, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and immune memory of a novel 

meningococcal (groups A, C, Y, and W-135) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine 

(MCV-4) in healthy adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2005;159:907- 

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29. Black S, Klein NP, Shah J, et al. Immunogenicity and tolerability of a quadrivalent meningococcal 

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30. Snape MD, Perrett KP, Ford KJ, et al. Immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal 

glycoconjugate vaccine in infants: a randomized controlled trial. [erratum appears in JAMA. 2011 

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31. Perrett KP, Snape MD, Ford KJ, et al. Immunogenicity and immune memory of a nonadjuvanted 

quadrivalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease 

Journal 2009;28:186-93. 

32. Pina LM, Bassily E, Machmer A, Hou V, Reinhardt A. Safety and immunogenicity of a 

quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria-toxoid-conjugate vaccine in infants and 

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33. Pichichero M, Casey J, Blatter M, et al. Comparative trial of the safety and immunogenicity of 

quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria conjugate vaccine versus 

quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in two- to ten-year-old children. Pediatric Infectious Disease 

Journal 2005;24:57-62. 

34. Jackson LA, Jacobson RM, Reisinger KS, et al. A randomized trial to determine the tolerability 

and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine in healthy 

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35. Reisinger KS, Baxter R, Block SL, et al. Quadrivalent meningococcal vaccination of adults: phase 

III comparison of an investigational conjugate vaccine, MenACWY-CRM, with the licensed 

vaccine, Menactra. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology: CVI 2009;16:1810-5. 

36. Gill CJ, Baxter R, Anemona A, Ciavarro G, Dull P. Persistence of immune responses after a single 

dose of Novartis meningococcal serogroup A, C, W-135 and Y CRM-197 conjugate vaccine 

(Menveo ® ) or Menactra ® among healthy adolescents. Human Vaccines 2010;6:881-7. 

37. Granoff DM, Gupta RK, Belshe RB, Anderson EL. Induction of immunologic refractoriness in 

adults by meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccination. Journal of Infectious Diseases 

1998;178:870-4. 

38. de Voer RM, van der Klis FR, Engels CW, et al. Kinetics of antibody responses after primary 

immunization with meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine or secondary immunization 

with either conjugate or polysaccharide vaccine in adults. Vaccine 2009;27:6974-82. 

39. Artenstein MS, Brandt BL. Immunologic hyporesponsiveness in man to group C meningococcal 

polysaccharide. Journal of Immunology 1975;115:5-7. 

40. Richmond P, Kaczmarski E, Borrow R, et al. Meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccine induces 

immunologic hyporesponsiveness in adults that is overcome by meningococcal C conjugate 

vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;181:761-4. 

41. Maslanka SE, Tappero JW, Plikaytis BD, et al. Age-dependent Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C 

class-specific antibody concentrations and bactericidal titers in sera from young children from 

Montana immunized with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine. Infection and Immunity 

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43. Harji DP, Jaunoo SS, Mistry P, Nesargikar PN. Immunoprophylaxis in asplenic patients. 

International Journal Of Surgery 2009;7:421-3. 

44. Meerveld-Eggink A, de Weerdt O, Rijkers GT, van Velzen-Blad H, Biesma DH. Vaccination 

coverage and awareness of infectious risks in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen in the 

Netherlands. Vaccine 2008;26:6975-9. 

45. Bouts A, Monnens L, Davin JC, Struijk G, Spanjaard L. Insufficient protection by Neisseria 

meningitidis vaccination alone during eculizumab therapy [letter]. Pediatric Nephrology 

2011;26:1919-20. 

46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Report from the Advisory Committee on 

Immunization Practices (ACIP): decision not to recommend routine vaccination of all children 

aged 2–10 years with quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4). MMWR Morbidity 

and Mortality Weekly Report 2008;57:462-5. 

47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendation of the Advisory Committee 

on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine 

(MenACWY-D) among children aged 9 through 23 months at increased risk for invasive 

meningococcal disease. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2011;60:1391-2. 

48. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines policy update: booster dose 

recommendations. Pediatrics 2011;128:1213-8. 

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendation from the Advisory 

Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for revaccination of persons at prolonged increased 

risk for meningococcal disease. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2009;58:1042-3. 

50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of 

meningococcal conjugate vaccines – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 


51. O‘Dempsey TJ, McArdle T, Ceesay SJ, et al. Meningococcal antibody titres in infants of women 

immunised with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy. Archives of Disease in 

Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition 1996;74:F43-6. 

52. Letson GW, Little JR, Ottman J, Miller GL. Meningococcal vaccine in pregnancy: an assessment 

of infant risk. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17:261-3.

53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guillain-Barré syndrome among recipients of 

Menactra ® meningococcal conjugate vaccine – United States, June–July 2005. MMWR Morbidity 

and Mortality Weekly Report 2005;54:1023-5. 

54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Guillain-Barré syndrome among 

recipients of Menactra ® meningococcal conjugate vaccine – United States, June 2005–September 

2006. [erratum appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Nov 3;55(43):1177]. MMWR 


55. Velentgas P, Amato AA, Bohn RL, et al. Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after meningococcal 

conjugate vaccination. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2012: [Epub ahead of print] 

doi:10.1002/pds.3321. 

56. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Advisory 

Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Summary report, June 23–24, 2010, Atlanta, 

Georgia. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Available at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/minutes-archive.html (accessed Sep 2012). 

57. Tejedor JC, Omeñaca F, García-Sicilia J, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a three-dose 

primary vaccination course with a combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B- 

inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine coadministered with a meningococcal C 

conjugate vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004;23:1109-15. 

58. Southern J, Crowley-Luke A, Borrow R, Andrews N, Miller E. Immunogenicity of one, two or 

three doses of a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine conjugated to tetanus toxoid, given as a threedose 

primary vaccination course in UK infants at 2, 3 and 4 months of age with acellular pertussiscontaining 

DTP/Hib vaccine. Vaccine 2006;24:215-9. 

4.11 Mumps 

References 

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mumps. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe C, 



2. Mumps (Infectious parotitis). In: Heymann DL, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 

19th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, 2008. 

3. Galazka AM, Robertson SE, Kraigher A. Mumps and mumps vaccine: a global review. Bulletin of 

the World Health Organization 1999;77:3-14. 

4. Plotkin SA, Rubin SA. Mumps vaccine. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 


5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: multistate outbreak of mumps – 

United States, January 1–May 2, 2006. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

2006;55:559-63. 

6. Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K. Mumps. The Lancet 2008;371:932-44. 



8. Brotherton J, McIntyre P, Puech M, et al. Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage 

in Australia, 2001 to 2002. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2004;28 Suppl 2:vii-S116. 






Surveillance System. Notification rate of mumps, received from state and territory health 

authorities in the period of 1991 to 2010 and year-to-date notifications for 2011. 2011. Available 

at: http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/source/cda-index.cfm (accessed Dec 2011). 

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mumps epidemic – Iowa, 2006. MMWR 


13. Gupta RK, Best J, MacMahon E. Mumps and the UK epidemic 2005. BMJ 2005;330:1132-5.

14. Dayan GH, Quinlisk MP, Parker AA, et al. Recent resurgence of mumps in the United States. New 

England Journal of Medicine 2008;358:1580-9. 

15. Whelan J, van Binnendijk R, Greenland K, et al. Ongoing mumps outbreak in a student population 

with high vaccination coverage, Netherlands, 2010. Eurosurveillance 2010;15(17):pii=19554. 

16. Aratchige PE, McIntyre PB, Quinn HE, Gilbert GL. Recent increases in mumps incidence in 

Australia: the ―forgotten‖ age group in the 1998 Australian Measles Control Campaign. Medical 


17. Gidding HF, Wood J, MacIntyre CR, et al. Sustained measles elimination in Australia and 

priorities for long term maintenance. Vaccine 2007;25:3574-80. 

18. Deeks SL, Lim GH, Simpson MA, et al. An assessment of mumps vaccine effectiveness by dose 

during an outbreak in Canada. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 2011;183:1014-20. 

19. Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, Di Pietrantonj C. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella 

in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012;(2):CD004407. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3. 

20. Marin M, Quinlisk P, Shimabukuro T, et al. Mumps vaccination coverage and vaccine 

effectiveness in a large outbreak among college students–Iowa, 2006. Vaccine 2008;26:3601-7. 

21. Boxall N, Kubínyiová M, Príkazský V, Beneš C, Cástková J. An increase in the number of mumps 

cases in the Czech Republic, 2005–2006. Eurosurveillance 2008;13(16):pii=18842. 


measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (ProQuad ® ). Human Vaccines 2006;2:205-14. 



2006;25:12-8. 

















2012;31:e133-40. 



Report 2001;50:1117. 

30. dos Santos BA, Ranieri TS, Bercini M, et al. An evaluation of the adverse reaction potential of 

three measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccines. Pan American Journal of Public Health 

2002;12:240-6. 

31. Popow-Kraupp T, Kundi M, Ambrosch F, Vanura H, Kunz C. A controlled trial for evaluating two 

live attenuated mumps-measles vaccines (Urabe Am 9-Schwarz and Jeryl Lynn-Moraten) in 

young children. Journal of Medical Virology 1986;18:69-79. 

32. Schlipköter U, Mühlberger N, von Kries R, Weil J. Surveillance of measles-mumps-rubella 

vaccine-associated aseptic meningitis in Germany. Infection 2002;30:351-5. 

33. Mäkelä A, Nuorti JP, Peltola H. Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. 

Pediatrics 2002;110:957-63. 


mumps, and rubella – vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and



4.12 Pertussis 

References 

1. Wirsing von König CH, Rott H, Bogaerts H, Schmitt HJ. A serologic study of organisms possibly 

associated with pertussis-like coughing. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17:645-9. 

2. Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Salmaso S, Englund JA. Duration of immunity against pertussis after 

natural infection or vaccination. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2005;24(5 Suppl):S58-61. 

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pertussis. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe C, 



4. Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang SJ, et al. Efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine among adolescents 

and adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;353:1555-63. 

5. De Serres G, Shadmani R, Duval B, et al. Morbidity of pertussis in adolescents and adults. Journal 

of Infectious Diseases 2000;182:174-9. 

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pertussis – United States, 1997–2000. MMWR 


7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pertussis – United States, 2001–2003. MMWR 


8. Quinn HE, McIntyre PB. Pertussis epidemiology in Australia over the decade 1995–2005 – trends 

by region and age group. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2007;31:205-15. 

9. Munoz FM. Pertussis in infants, children, and adolescents: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. 

Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2006;17:14-9. 

10. Güriş D, Strebel PM, Bardenheier B, et al. Changing epidemiology of pertussis in the United 

States: increasing reported incidence among adolescents and adults, 1990–1996. Clinical 


11. Bisgard KM, Pascual FB, Ehresmann KR, et al. Infant pertussis: who was the source? Pediatric 


12. Elliott E, McIntyre P, Ridley G, et al. National study of infants hospitalized with pertussis in the 

acellular vaccine era. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004;23:246-52. 

13. de Greeff SC, Mooi FR, Westerhof A, et al. Pertussis disease burden in the household: how to 

protect young infants. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010;50:1339-45. 

14. Wendelboe AM, Njamkepo E, Bourillon A, et al. Transmission of Bordetella pertussis to young 

infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2007;26:293-9. 

15. McCall BJ, Tilse M, Burt B, et al. Infection control and public health aspects of a case of pertussis 

infection in a maternity health care worker. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2002;26:584-6. 

16. Wright EP, Joce R, Whincup G. Management of pertussis in a nurse at a special care baby unit. 

Communicable Disease and Public Health 2004;7:128-31. 

17. Paterson JM, Sheppeard V. Nosocomial pertussis infection of infants: still a risk in 2009. 


18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hospital-acquired pertussis among newborns 

– Texas, 2004. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2008;57:600-3. 




Surveillance System. Notifications of pertussis, received from state and territory health authorities 

in the period of 1991 to 2010 and year-to-date notifications for 2011. 2011. Available at: 

http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/source/cda-index.cfm (accessed Aug 2011). 

21. Torvaldsen S, McIntyre PB. Effect of the preschool pertussis booster on national notifications of 

disease in Australia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22:956-9.

22. Salmaso S, Mastrantonio P, Tozzi AE, et al. Sustained efficacy during the first 6 years of life of 3- 

component acellular pertussis vaccines administered in infancy: the Italian experience. Pediatrics 

2001;108:e81. 

23. Quinn H, McIntyre P. Impact of removal of the 18 month DTPa dose on pertussis vaccine 

effectiveness. 12th National Immunisation Conference; August 2010; Adelaide, Australia. 

Canberra: Public Health Association Australia; 2010. 

24. Spokes PJ, Quinn HE, McAnulty JM. Review of the 2008–2009 pertussis epidemic in NSW: 

notifications and hospitalisations. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2010;21:167-73. 

25. Wood N, Quinn HE, McIntyre P, Elliott E. Pertussis in infants: preventing deaths and 

hospitalisations in the very young. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2008;44:161-5. 

26. Forsyth KD, Wirsing von Konig CH, Tan T, Caro J, Plotkin S. Prevention of pertussis: 

recommendations derived from the second Global Pertussis Initiative roundtable meeting. Vaccine 

2007;25:2634-42. 

27. Mooi FR, de Greeff SC. The case for maternal vaccination against pertussis. The Lancet Infectious 

Diseases 2007;7:614-24. 

28. Skowronski DM, Janjua NZ, Sonfack Tsafack EP, et al. The number needed to vaccinate to 

prevent infant pertussis hospitalization and death through parent cocoon immunization. Clinical 


29. Jefferson T, Rudin M, DiPietrantonj C. Systematic review of the effects of pertussis vaccines in 

children. Vaccine 2003;21:2003-14. 

30. Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping 

cough in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012;(3):CD001478. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub5. 

31. Foxwell AR, McIntyre P, Quinn H, Roper K, Clements MS. Severe pertussis in infants: estimated 

impact of first vaccine dose at 6 versus 8 weeks in Australia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 

2011;30:161-3. 

32. Cortese MM, Baughman AL, Zhang R, Srivastava PU, Wallace GS. Pertussis hospitalizations 

among infants in the United States, 1993 to 2004. Pediatrics 2008;121:484-92. 

33. Tanaka M, Vitek CR, Pascual FB, et al. Trends in pertussis among infants in the United States, 

1980–1999. JAMA 2003;290:2968-75. 

34. Gustafsson L, Hessel L, Storsaeter J, Olin P. Long-term follow-up of Swedish children vaccinated 

with acellular pertussis vaccines at 3, 5, and 12 months of age indicates the need for a booster dose 

at 5 to 7 years of age. Pediatrics 2006;118:978-84. 

35. Blatter M, Friedland LR, Weston WM, Li P, Howe B. Immunogenicity and safety of a tetanus 

toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and three-component acellular pertussis vaccine in adults 19–64 

years of age. Vaccine 2009;27:765-72. 

36. Mink CM. FDA clinical briefing document for tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and 

acellular pertussis vaccine, adsorbed (Tdap, ADACEL). Aventis Pasteur, Limited. Vaccines and 

Related Biological Products Advisory Committee meeting, March 15, 2005. Available at: 

http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4097b1.htm (accessed Aug 2011). 

37. Schwartz AT. FDA clinical briefing document for GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Biologicals tetanus 

toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine, adsorbed Boostrix). Vaccines 

and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee meeting, March 15, 2005. Available at: 

http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4097b1.htm (accessed Aug 2011). 

38. Van Damme P, McIntyre P, Grimprel E, et al. Immunogenicity of the reduced-antigen-content 

dTpa vaccine (Boostrix ® ) in adults 55 years of age and over: a sub-analysis of four trials. Vaccine 

2011;29:5932-9. 

39. Booy R, Van der Meeren O, Ng SP, et al. A decennial booster dose of reduced antigen content 

diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis vaccine (Boostrix TM ) is immunogenic and well tolerated in 

adults. Vaccine 2010;29:45-50. 

40. Mertsola J, Van Der Meeren O, He Q, et al. Decennial administration of a reduced antigen content 

diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine in young adults. Clinical Infectious 

Diseases 2010;51:656-62. 





42. Shinall MC, Jr., Peters TR, Zhu Y, Chen Q, Poehling KA. Potential impact of acceleration of the 

pertussis vaccine primary series for infants. Pediatrics 2008;122:1021-6. 

43. Rennels MB. Extensive swelling reactions occurring after booster doses of diphtheria-tetanusacellular 

pertussis vaccines. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2003;14:196-8. 

44. Quinn HE, McIntyre PB. The impact of adolescent pertussis immunization, 2004–2009: lessons 

from Australia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2011;89:666-74. 

45. Liu BC, McIntyre P, Kaldor JM, et al. Pertussis in older adults: prospective study of risk factors 

and morbidity. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012: [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1093/cid/cis627. 

46. Hoel T, Wolter JM, Schuerman LM. Combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine for tetanusprone 

wound management in adults. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2006;13:67-71. 

47. David ST, Hemsley C, Pasquali PE, et al. Enhanced surveillance for vaccine-associated adverse 

events: dTap catch-up of high school students in Yukon. Canada Communicable Disease Report 

2005;31:117-26. 

48. Tremblay M, Grenier JL, De Serres G, et al. Adverse events after vaccination with dTap in high 

school students who have previously been vaccinated with d 2 T 5 . Canada Communicable Disease 

Report 2006;32:25-8. 

49. Halperin SA, Sweet L, Baxendale D, et al. How soon after a prior tetanus-diphtheria vaccination 

can one give adult formulation tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine? Pediatric Infectious 


50. Talbot EA, Brown KH, Kirkland KB, et al. The safety of immunizing with tetanus-diphtheriaacellular 

pertussis vaccine (Tdap) less than 2 years following previous tetanus vaccination: 

experience during a mass vaccination campaign of healthcare personnel during a respiratory 

illness outbreak. Vaccine 2010;28:8001-7. 


toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine from the Advisory 

Committee on Immunization Practices, 2010. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

2011;60:13-5. 

52. Halperin SA, McNeil S, Langley J, et al. Tolerability and antibody response in adolescents and 

adults revaccinated with tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine 

adsorbed (Tdap) 4–5 years after a previous dose. Vaccine 2011;29:8459-65. 








63. Mahajan D, Menzies R, Roomiani I, Lawrence G. Supplementary report: surveillance of adverse 

events following immunisation among children aged less than seven years in Australia, 1 January 

to 30 June 2009. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2010;34:49-53. 

64. Goodwin H, Nash M, Gold M, Heath TC, Burgess MA. Vaccination of children following a 

previous hypotonic–hyporesponsive episode. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 

1999;35:549-52. 

65. Moore DL, Le Saux N, Scheifele D, Halperin SA, Members of the Canadian Paediatric 

Society/Health Canada Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT). Lack of evidence 

of encephalopathy related to pertussis vaccine: active surveillance by IMPACT, Canada, 1993– 

2002. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004;23:568-71. 

66. Brotherton JM, Hull BP, Hayen A, Gidding HF, Burgess MA. Probability of coincident 

vaccination in the 24 or 48 hours preceding sudden infant death syndrome death in Australia. 

Pediatrics 2005;115:e643-6. 

67. Jonville-Bera AP, Autret E, Laugier J. Sudden infant death syndrome and diphtheria-tetanuspertussis-poliomyelitis 

vaccination status. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 1995;9:263- 

70. 

68. Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Clements M, Ford RP, New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. 

Immunisation and the sudden infant death syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood 

1995;73:498-501. 

69. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Platt MW, et al. The UK accelerated immunisation programme and sudden 

unexpected death in infancy: case-control study. BMJ 2001;322:822-5. 

70. Hamati-Haddad A, Fenichel GM. Brachial neuritis following routine childhood immunization for 


Pediatrics 1997;99:602-3. 



Press, 1994. 

72. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Pertussis: national guidelines for public 

health units (Pertussis SoNG Version 1.0). Canberra: Australian Government Department of 

Health and Ageing, 2009. Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs (accessed July 2012). 

73. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Surveillance case definitions for the 

Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System: 1 January 2004 to 1 January 2011. 

2011. Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cdnacasedefinitions.htm 

(accessed Aug 2011). 

74. Antibiotic Expert Group. Therapeutic guidelines: antibiotic. Version 14. Melbourne: Therapeutic 

Guidelines Limited, 2010. 

75. Altunaiji SM, Kukuruzovic RH, Curtis NC, Massie J. Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis). 

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007;(3):CD004404. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004404.pub3. 

4.13 Pneumococcal disease 

References 

1. Black S, Eskola J, Whitney C, Shinefield H. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal 

common protein vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 5th ed. 

Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. 

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pneumococcal disease. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe 

C, Hamborsky J, eds. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. 12th ed. 

Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation, 2011.

3. Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence 

factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2008;6:288- 

301. 

4. Weinberger DM, Harboe ZB, Sanders EA, et al. Association of serotype with risk of death due to 

pneumococcal pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010;51:692-9. 

5. World Health Organization (WHO). 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: WHO 

position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2008;83:373-84. 

6. Hausdorff WP, Feikin DR, Klugman KP. Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal 

serotypes. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2005;5:83-93. 

7. Roche PW, Krause V, Cook H, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2006. 


8. File TM, Jr., Marrie TJ. Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in North American adults. 

Postgraduate Medicine 2010;122:130-41. 

9. Eskola J, Kilpi T, Palmu A, et al. Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute 

otitis media. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:403-9. 

10. Musher DM. Streptococcus pneumoniae. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, 

Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: 

Churchill Livingstone, 2010. 

11. Pilishvili T, Zell ER, Farley MM, et al. Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in children 

in the era of conjugate vaccine use. Pediatrics 2010;126:e9-17. 




13. van der Poll T, Opal SM. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. 

The Lancet 2009;374:1543-56. 



15. Williams SR, Mernagh PJ, Lee MH, Tan JT. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal 

disease in Australian children after introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 


16. Jardine A, Menzies RI, McIntyre PB. Reduction in hospitalizations for pneumonia associated with 

the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccination schedule without a booster dose in 

Australia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2010;29:607-12. 

17. Lehmann D, Willis J, Moore HC, et al. The changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal 

disease in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Western Australians from 1997 through 2007 and 

emergence of nonvaccine serotypes. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010;50:1477-86. 



19. Easton M, Veitch M, Strachan J. The impact of infant pneumococcal vaccination on the serotypes 

of invasive pneumococcal disease in Victoria, 2003–2007. Victorian Infectious Diseases Bulletin 

2008;11:38-43. 

20. Hanna JN, Humphreys JL, Murphy DM. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Indigenous people in 

north Queensland: an update, 2005–2007. Medical Journal of Australia 2008;189:43-6. 

21. The Vaccine Impact Surveillance Network – Invasive Pneumococcal Study Group. Are current 

recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination appropriate for Western Australia? Medical 

Journal of Australia 2000;173 Suppl:S36-40. 

22. Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent 

pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19:187- 

95. 

23. Lucero MG, Dulalia VE, Nillos LT, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing 

vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and X-ray defined pneumonia in children less than 

two years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009;(4):CD004977. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004977.pub2. 

24. Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MP, George RC. Herd immunity and serotype 

replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and 

Wales: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2011;11:760-8.



2011;35:61-131. 

26. Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in 

the era of conjugate vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010;201:32-41. 

27. Scott P, Rutjes AW, Bermetz L, et al. Comparing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedules 

based on 3 and 2 primary doses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2011;29:9711-21. 

28. Bermal N, Szenborn L, Chrobot A, et al. The 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus 

influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) coadministered with DTPw-HBV/Hib and 

poliovirus vaccines: assessment of immunogenicity. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 

2009;28(4 Suppl):S89-96. 

29. Knuf M, Szenborn L, Moro M, et al. Immunogenicity of routinely used childhood vaccines when 

coadministered with the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D 

conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV). Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009;28(4 Suppl):S97-108. 

30. Prymula R, Siegrist CA, Chlibek R, et al. Effect of prophylactic paracetamol administration at 

time of vaccination on febrile reactions and antibody responses in children: two open-label, 

randomised controlled trials. The Lancet 2009;374:1339-50. 

31. Vesikari T, Wysocki J, Chevallier B, et al. Immunogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable 

Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) compared to the 

licensed 7vCRM vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009;28(4 Suppl):S66-76. 

32. Wysocki J, Tejedor JC, Grunert D, et al. Immunogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable 

Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) when coadministered 

with different Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C conjugate vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease 

Journal 2009;28(4 Suppl):S77-88. 

33. Prymula R, Peeters P, Chrobok V, et al. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conjugated to 

protein D for prevention of acute otitis media caused by both Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypable 

Haemophilus influenzae: a randomised double-blind efficacy study. The Lancet 

2006;367:740-8. 

34. Gadzinowski J, Albrecht P, Hasiec B, et al. Phase 3 trial evaluating the immunogenicity, safety, 

and tolerability of manufacturing scale 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 

2011;29:2947-55. 

35. Snape MD, Klinger CL, Daniels ED, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a 13-valentpneumococcal 

conjugate vaccine administered at 2, 4, and 12 months of age: a double-blind 

randomized active-controlled trial. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2010;29:e80-90. 

36. Esposito S, Tansey S, Thompson A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a 13-valent 

pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to those of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 

given as a three-dose series with routine vaccines in healthy infants and toddlers. Clinical and 


37. Yeh SH, Gurtman A, Hurley DC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal 

conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatrics 2010;126:e493-505. 

38. Kieninger DM, Kueper K, Steul K, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunologic noninferiority of a 

13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate 

vaccine given with routine pediatric vaccinations in Germany. Vaccine 2010;28:4192-203. 

39. Bryant KA, Block SL, Baker SA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a 13-valent pneumococcal 

conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 2010;125:866-75. 

40. Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MP, George RC. Effectiveness of the new serotypes in 

the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2011;29:9127-31. 

41. Hak E, Grobbee DE, Sanders EA, et al. Rationale and design of CAPITA: a RCT of 13-valent 

conjugated pneumococcal vaccine efficacy among older adults. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 

2008;66:378-83. 

42. Robbins JB, Austrian R, Lee CJ, et al. Considerations for formulating the second-generation 

pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine with emphasis on the cross-reactive types within 

groups. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983;148:1136-59. 

43. Jackson LA, Neuzil KM. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, 

Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008.

44. O‘Brien KL, Hochman M, Goldblatt D. Combined schedules of pneumococcal conjugate and 

polysaccharide vaccines: is hyporesponsiveness an issue? The Lancet Infectious Diseases 

2007;7:597-606. 

45. Moberley SA, Holden J, Tatham DP, Andrews RM. Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal 

infection in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008;(1):CD000422. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000422.pub2. 

46. Domínguez A, Izquierdo C, Salleras L, et al. Effectiveness of the pneumococcal polysaccharide 

vaccine in preventing pneumonia in the elderly. European Respiratory Journal 2010;36:608-14. 

47. Kawakami K, Ohkusa Y, Kuroki R, et al. Effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 

against pneumonia and cost analysis for the elderly who receive seasonal influenza vaccine in 

Japan. Vaccine 2010;28:7063-9. 

48. Maruyama T, Taguchi O, Niederman MS, et al. Efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in 

preventing pneumonia and improving survival in nursing home residents: double blind, 

randomised and placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c1004. 

49. Spindler C, Hedlund J, Jasir A, Normark BH, Örtqvist A. Effects of a large-scale introduction of 

the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among elderly persons in Stockholm, Sweden. Vaccine 

2008;26:5541-6. 

50. Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Guzmán JA, et al. Effectiveness of the 23-valent 

polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in people 60 years 

or older. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010;10:73. 

51. Vila-Corcoles A, Salsench E, Rodriguez-Blanco T, et al. Clinical effectiveness of 23-valent 

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against pneumonia in middle-aged and older adults: a 

matched case-control study. Vaccine 2009;27:1504-10. 

52. Mooney JD, Weir A, McMenamin J, et al. The impact and effectiveness of pneumococcal 

vaccination in Scotland for those aged 65 and over during winter 2003/2004. BMC Infectious 

Diseases 2008;8:53. 

53. Andrews N, Waight PA, George RC, Slack MP, Miller E. Impact and effectiveness of 23-valent 

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in the elderly in 

England and Wales. Vaccine 2012: [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.019. 

54. Andrews RM, Counahan ML, Hogg GG, McIntyre PB. Effectiveness of a publicly funded 

pneumococcal vaccination program against invasive pneumococcal disease among the elderly in 

Victoria, Australia. Vaccine 2004;23:132-8. 

55. Hammitt LL, Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, et al. Repeat revaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal 

polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged 55–74 years living in Alaska: no evidence of 

hyporesponsiveness. Vaccine 2011;29:2287-95. 

56. Manoff SB, Liss C, Caulfield MJ, et al. Revaccination with a 23-valent pneumococcal 

polysaccharide vaccine induces elevated and persistent functional antibody responses in adults 

aged 65 years. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010;201:525-33. 

57. Musher DM, Manof SB, Liss C, et al. Safety and antibody response, including antibody 

persistence for 5 years, after primary vaccination or revaccination with pneumococcal 

polysaccharide vaccine in middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Infectious Diseases 

2010;201:516-24. 

58. Musher DM, Manoff SB, McFetridge RD, et al. Antibody persistence ten years after first and 

second doses of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and immunogenicity and safety 

of second and third doses in older adults. Human Vaccines 2011;7:919-28. 

59. Grabenstein JD, Manoff SB. Pneumococcal polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine: long-term 

persistence of circulating antibody and immunogenicity and safety after revaccination in adults. 

Vaccine 2012;30:4435-44. 

60. de Roux A, Schmöle-Thoma B, Siber GR, et al. Comparison of pneumococcal conjugate 

polysaccharide and free polysaccharide vaccines in elderly adults: conjugate vaccine elicits 

improved antibacterial immune responses and immunological memory. Clinical Infectious 

Diseases 2008;46:1015-23. 




(accessed July 2011).

62. Cook IF, Pond D, Hartel G. Comparative reactogenicity and immunogenicity of 23 valent 

pneumococcal vaccine administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in elderly adults. 

Vaccine 2007;25:4767-74. 

63. MacIntyre CR, Egerton T, McCaughey M, et al. Concomitant administration of zoster and 

pneumococcal vaccines in adults 60 years old. Human Vaccines 2010;6:894-902. 

64. Tseng HF, Smith N, Sy LS, Jacobsen SJ. Evaluation of the incidence of herpes zoster after 

concomitant administration of zoster vaccine and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. Vaccine 

2011;29:3628-32. 

65. Baylor NW. Perspective of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on concomitant administration 

of Zostavax and Pneumovax [letter]. Vaccine 2011;29:8771. 

66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on herpes zoster vaccine: licensure for 

persons aged 50 through 59 years. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2011;60:1528. 

67. Tse A, Tseng HF, Greene SK, Vellozzi C, Lee GM. Signal identification and evaluation for risk of 

febrile seizures in children following trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Safety 

Datalink Project, 2010–2011. Vaccine 2012;30:2024-31. 

68. Chevallier B, Vesikari T, Brzostek J, et al. Safety and reactogenicity of the 10-valent 

pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) 

when coadministered with routine childhood vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 

2009;28(4 Suppl):S109-18. 

69. Dinleyici EC, Yargic ZA. Pneumococcal conjugated vaccine: PHiD-CV. Expert Review of 

Antiinfective Therapy 2009;7:1063-74. 

70. Nunes MC, Madhi SA. Review on the immunogenicity and safety of PCV-13 in infants and 

toddlers. Expert Review of Vaccines 2011;10:951-80. 

71. Abzug MJ, Pelton SI, Song LY, et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and predictors of response after a 

pneumococcal conjugate and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine series in human 

immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatric 


72. Barton M, Wasfy S, Dipchand AI, et al. Seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 

pediatric solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective study of safety and immunogenicity. 


73. Vernacchio L, Neufeld EJ, MacDonald K, et al. Combined schedule of 7-valent pneumococcal 

conjugate vaccine followed by 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in children and young adults with 

sickle cell disease. Journal of Pediatrics 1998;133:275-8. 

74. Vernacchio L, Romero-Steiner S, Martinez JE, et al. Comparison of an opsonophagocytic assay 

and IgG ELISA to assess responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide and pneumococcal conjugate 

vaccines in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 

2000;181:1162-6. 

75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate 

vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with 

immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization 


76. French N, Gordon SB, Mwalukomo T, et al. A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 

in HIV-infected adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362:812-22. 

77. Dunbar M, Moberley S, Nelson S, Leach AJ, Andrews R. Clear not simple: an approach to 

community consultation for a maternal pneumococcal vaccine trial among Indigenous women in 

the Northern Territory of Australia. Vaccine 2007;25:2385-8. 

78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Nuorti JP, Whitney CG. Prevention of 

pneumococcal disease among infants and children – use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate 

vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory 

Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports 

2010;59(RR-11):1-18. 

79. Duggan ST. Pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (13-valent, adsorbed) [Prevenar 

13 ® ]. Drugs 2010;70:1973-86. 

80. Schwarz TF, Flamaing J, Rümke HC, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate 

immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given concomitantly 

with trivalent influenza vaccine in adults aged 65 years. Vaccine 2011;29:5195-202.

81. Jackson LA, Benson P, Sneller VP, et al. Safety of revaccination with pneumococcal 

polysaccharide vaccine. JAMA 1999;281:243-8. 

82. Davidson M, Bulkow LR, Grabman J, et al. Immunogenicity of pneumococcal revaccination in 

patients with chronic disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154:2209-14. 

83. Lackner TE, Hamilton RG, Hill JJ, Davey C, Guay DR. Pneumococcal polysaccharide 

revaccination: immunoglobulin G seroconversion, persistence, and safety in frail, chronically ill 

older subjects. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:240-5. 

84. Mufson MA, Hughey DF, Turner CE, Schiffman G. Revaccination with pneumococcal vaccine of 

elderly persons 6 years after primary vaccination. Vaccine 1991;9:403-7. 

85. Törling J, Hedlund J, Konradsen HB, Örtqvist A. Revaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal 

polysaccharide vaccine in middle-aged and elderly persons previously treated for pneumonia. 

Vaccine 2003;22:96-103. 

86. Walker FJ, Singleton RJ, Bulkow LR, Strikas RA, Butler JC. Reactions after 3 or more doses of 

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults in Alaska. Clinical Infectious Diseases 

2005;40:1730-5. 

87. Burwen DR, La Voie L, Braun MM, Houck P, Ball R. Evaluating adverse events after vaccination 

in the Medicare population. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2007;16:753-61. 

88. Sankilampi U, Honkanen PO, Pyhälä R, Leinonen M. Associations of prevaccination antibody 

levels with adverse reactions to pneumococcal and influenza vaccines administered 

simultaneously in the elderly. Vaccine 1997;15:1133-7. 

4.14 Poliomyelitis 

References 

1. Drutz JE, Ligon BL. Polio: its history and its eradication. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious 

Diseases 2000;11:280-6. 

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Poliomyelitis. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe C, 



3. World Health Organization (WHO). Introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine into oral 

poliovirus vaccine-using countries: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record 

2003;78:241-50. 

4. Kew OM, Sutter RW, Nottay BK, et al. Prolonged replication of a type 1 vaccine-derived 

poliovirus in an immunodeficient patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1998;36:2893-9. 

5. Bellmunt A, May G, Zell R, et al. Evolution of poliovirus type I during 5.5 years of prolonged 

enteral replication in an immunodeficient patient. Virology 1999;265:178-84. 

6. Kew OM, Wright PF, Agol VI, et al. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: current state of 

knowledge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2004;82:16-23. 

7. MacLennan C, Dunn G, Huissoon AP, et al. Failure to clear persistent vaccine-derived 

neurovirulent poliovirus infection in an immunodeficient man. The Lancet 2004;363:1509-13. 

8. Kimman TG, Koopmans MP, van der Avoort HG. Ending polio immunization: when and how are 

we sure that the needle is out of the haystack? Vaccine 1999;17:624-7. 

9. Martín J, Odoom K, Tuite G, et al. Long-term excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus by a healthy 

child. Journal of Virology 2004;78:13839-47. 

10. World Health Organization (WHO). Global polio eradication initiative. Annual report 2008. 

Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009. Available at: 

http://www.polioeradication.org/ResourceLibrary/StrategyAndWork/AnnualReports.aspx 


11. World Health Organization (WHO). Outbreaks following importations of wild poliovirus into 

countries of the WHO African, European and South-East Asian regions: January 2009 – 

September 2010. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2010;85:445-52. 

12. World Health Organization (WHO). Global polio eradication initiative. Strategic plan 2010–2012. 

Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010. Available at:

http://www.polioeradication.org/Resourcelibrary/Strategyandwork/Strategicplan.aspx (accessed 

Mar 2011). 

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Certification of poliomyelitis eradication – the 

Americas, 1994. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1994;43:720-2. 

14. World Health Organization (WHO). Certification of poliomyelitis eradication. WHO Western 

Pacific Region, October 2000. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2000;75:399-400. 

15. World Health Organization (WHO). Certification of poliomyelitis eradication. European region, 

June 2002. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2002;77:221-3. 

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Progress toward interruption of wild 

poliovirus transmission – worldwide, January 2011–March 2012. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality 

Weekly Report 2012;61:353-7. 

17. Stewardson AJ, Roberts JA, Beckett CL, et al. Imported case of poliomyelitis, Melbourne, 

Australia, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2009;15:63-5. 

18. Burgess MA, McIntyre PB. Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Communicable Diseases 


19. Kennett ML, Brussen KA, Wood DJ, et al. Australia‘s last reported case of wild poliovirus 

infection. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 1999;23:77-9. 



21. Alexander LN, Seward JF, Santibanez TA, et al. Vaccine policy changes and epidemiology of 

poliomyelitis in the United States. JAMA 2004;292:1696-701. 

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses – 

worldwide, January 2008–June 2009. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

2009;58:1002-6. 

23. Kew OM, Sutter RW, de Gourville EM, Dowdle WR, Pallansch MA. Vaccine-derived 

polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication. Annual Review of 

Microbiology 2005;59:587-635. 





25. World Health Organization (WHO). Polio vaccines and polio immunization in the pre-eradication 

era: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2010;85:213-28. 

26. Arístegui J, Dal-Ré R, Díez-Delgado J, et al. Comparison of the reactogenicity and 

immunogenicity of a combined diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated 

polio (DTPa-HBV-IPV) vaccine, mixed with the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate 

vaccine and administered as a single injection, with the DTPa-IPV/Hib and hepatitis B vaccines 

administered in two simultaneous injections to infants at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Vaccine 

2003;21:3593-600. 




4.15 Q fever 

References 

1. Heinzen RA, Hackstadt T, Samuel JE. Developmental biology of Coxiella burnetii. Trends in 

Microbiology 1999;7:149-54. 

2. DeLay PD, Lennette EH, DeOme KB. Q fever in California. II. Recovery of Coxiella burneti from 

naturally-infected air-borne dust. Journal of Immunology 1950;65:211-20. 

3. Welsh HH, Lennette EH, Abinanti FR, Winn JF, Kaplan W. Q fever studies. XXI. The recovery of 

Coxiella burnetii from the soil and surface water of premises harboring infected sheep. American 

Journal of Hygiene 1959;70:14-20. 

4. Waag DM. Coxiella burnetii: host and bacterial responses to infection. Vaccine 2007;25:7288-95.

5. Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM. Q fever. The Lancet 2006;367:679-88. 

6. Marmion B. A guide to Q fever and Q fever vaccination. Melbourne: CSL Biotherapies, 2009. 

7. Tigertt WD, Benenson AS. Studies on Q fever in man. Transactions of the Association of 

American Physicians 1956;69:98-104. 

8. Massey PD, Irwin M, Durrheim DN. Enhanced Q fever risk exposure surveillance may permit 

better informed vaccination policy. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2009;33:41-5. 

9. Syrek L, Sobslavsk O, Gutvirth I. Isolation of Coxiella burneti from human placentas. Journal of 

Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology 1958;2:29-35. 

10. Raoult D, Stein A. Q fever during pregnancy – a risk for women, fetuses, and obstetricians [letter]. 

New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330:371. 

11. Stein A, Raoult D. Q fever during pregnancy: a public health problem in southern France. Clinical 


12. Marmion BP, Shannon M, Maddocks I, Storm P, Penttila I. Protracted debility and fatigue after 

acute Q fever [letter]. The Lancet 1996;347:977-8. 

13. Penttila IA, Harris RJ, Storm P, et al. Cytokine dysregulation in the post-Q-fever fatigue 

syndrome. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 1998;91:549-60. 

14. Ayres JG, Flint N, Smith EG, et al. Post-infection fatigue syndrome following Q fever. QJM: 

Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 1998;91:105-23. 

15. Hatchette TF, Hayes M, Merry H, Schlech WF, Marrie TJ. The effect of C. burnetii infection on 

the quality of life of patients following an outbreak of Q fever. Epidemiology and Infection 

2003;130:491-5. 

16. Marmion BP, Storm PA, Ayres JG, et al. Long-term persistence of Coxiella burnetii after acute 

primary Q fever. [erratum appears in QJM. 2005 Mar;98(3):237]. QJM: Monthly Journal of the 

Association of Physicians 2005;98:7-20. 

17. Helbig K, Harris R, Ayres J, et al. Immune response genes in the post-Q-fever fatigue syndrome, 

Q fever endocarditis and uncomplicated acute primary Q fever. QJM: Monthly Journal of the 

Association of Physicians 2005;98:565-74. 

18. Marmion BP, Sukocheva O, Storm PA, et al. Q fever: persistence of antigenic non-viable cell 

residues of Coxiella burnetii in the host–implications for post Q fever infection fatigue syndrome 

and other chronic sequelae. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 

2009;102:673-84. 

19. Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Coxiella burnetii (Q fever). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. 

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. 


20. Banazis MJ, Bestall AS, Reid SA, Fenwick SG. A survey of Western Australian sheep, cattle and 

kangaroos to determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii. Veterinary Microbiology 

2010;143:337-45. 

21. Schelling E, Diguimbaye C, Daoud S, et al. Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic 

pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2003;61:279-93. 

22. Potter AS, Banazis MJ, Yang R, Reid SA, Fenwick SG. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in western 

grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) in Western Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

2011;47:821-8. 

23. Cooper A, Goullet M, Mitchell J, Ketheesan N, Govan B. Serological evidence of Coxiella 

burnetii exposure in native marsupials and introduced animals in Queensland, Australia. 


24. Norlander L. Q fever epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbes and Infection 2000;2:417-24. 

25. Tozer SJ, Lambert SB, Sloots TP, Nissen MD. Q fever seroprevalence in metropolitan samples is 

similar to rural/remote samples in Queensland, Australia. European Journal of Clinical 

Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2011;30:1287-93. 

26. Marmion B, Harris R, Storm P, et al. Q Fever Research Group (QRG), Adelaide: activities-exit 

summary 1980–2004. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2005;1063:181-6. 

27. Gidding HF, Wallace C, Lawrence GL, McIntyre PB. Australia‘s national Q fever vaccination 

program. Vaccine 2009;27:2037-41. 

28. Marmion B. Q fever: the long journey to control by vaccination [editorial]. Medical Journal of 

Australia 2007;186:164-6.

29. Palmer C, McCall B, Jarvinen K, Krause M, Heel K. ―The dust hasn‘t settled yet‖: the National Q 

fever Management Program, missed opportunities for vaccination and community exposures. 

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2007;31:330-2. 



2011;35:61-131. 

31. Ormsbee RA, Marmion BP. Prevention of Coxiella burnetii infection: vaccines and guidelines for 

those at risk. In: Marrie TJ, ed. Q fever Volume 1: the disease. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 

1990. 

32. Worswick D, Marmion BP. Antibody responses in acute and chronic Q fever and in subjects 

vaccinated against Q fever. Journal of Medical Microbiology 1985;19:281-96. 

33. Izzo AA, Marmion BP, Worswick DA. Markers of cell-mediated immunity after vaccination with 

an inactivated, whole-cell Q fever vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988;157:781-9. 

34. Shapiro RA, Siskind V, Schofield FD, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over, 

clinical trial of Q fever vaccine in selected Queensland abattoirs. Epidemiology and Infection 

1990;104:267-73. 

35. Marmion BP, Ormsbee RA, Kyrkou M, et al. Vaccine prophylaxis of abattoir-associated Q fever: 

eight years‘ experience in Australian abattoirs. Epidemiology and Infection 1990;104:275-87. 

36. Ackland JR, Worswick DA, Marmion BP. Vaccine prophylaxis of Q fever. A follow-up study of 

the efficacy of Q-Vax (CSL) 1985–1990. Medical Journal of Australia 1994;160:704-8. 

37. Gilroy N, Formica N, Beers M, et al. Abattoir-associated Q fever: a Q fever outbreak during a Q 

fever vaccination program. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2001;25:362-7. 

38. Chiu CK, Durrheim DN. A review of the efficacy of human Q fever vaccine registered in 

Australia. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2007;18:133-6. 





40. CSL Limited. Q-VAX ® Q fever vaccine and Q-VAX ® Skin test (AUST R 100517 & 100518). 

Product information – TGA approved. Version 3. 2008. 

41. Lackman DB, Bell EJ, Bell JF, Pickens EG. Intradermal sensitivity testing in man with a purified 

vaccine for Q fever. American Journal of Public Health 1962;52:87-93. 

42. Mills AE, Murdolo V, Webb SP. A rare local granulomatous complication of Q fever vaccination. 

Medical Journal of Australia 2003;179:166. 

43. Fairweather P, O‘Rourke T, Strutton G. Rare complication of Q fever vaccination. Australasian 

Journal of Dermatology 2005;46:124-5. 

4.16 Rabies and other lyssaviruses (including Australian bat lyssavirus) 

References 

1. Calisher CH, Ellison JA. The other rabies viruses: the emergence and importance of lyssaviruses 

from bats and other vertebrates. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2012;10:69-79. 

2. Hanna JN, Carney IK, Smith GA, et al. Australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, 

with a long incubation period. Medical Journal of Australia 2000;172:597-9. 

3. Warrell MJ, Warrell DA. Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. The Lancet 2004;363:959-69. 

4. Samaratunga H, Searle JW, Hudson N. Non-rabies Lyssavirus human encephalitis from fruit bats: 

Australian bat Lyssavirus (pteropid Lyssavirus) infection. Neuropathology and Applied 

Neurobiology 1998;24:331-5. 

5. Fooks AR, McElhinney LM, Pounder DJ, et al. Case report: isolation of a European bat lyssavirus 

type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis. Journal of Medical Virology 2003;71:281- 

9. 

6. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Mosberg SR, Rupprecht CE. Knowledge of bat rabies and human 

exposure among United States cavers. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002;8:532-4.

7. Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, et al. Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to 

four transplant recipients. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;352:1103-11. 

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mass treatment of humans who drank 

unpasteurized milk from rabid cows – Massachusetts, 1996–1998. [erratum appears in MMWR 

Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999 Apr 9;48(13):274]. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

1999;48:228-9. 

9. Nel LH, Markotter W. Lyssaviruses. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2007;33:301-24. 

10. Jackson AC. Update on rabies. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 2011;2:31-43. 

11. Rupprecht CE, Shlim DR. Infectious diseases related to travel. Rabies. In: Brunette GW, Kozarsky 

PE, Magill AJ, Shlim DR, Whatley AD, eds. CDC Health information for international travel: 

The Yellow Book 2012. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Available at: 

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-totravel/rabies.htm 


12. Gautret P, Lim PL, Shaw M, Leder K. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in travellers returning 

from Bali, Indonesia, November 2008 to March 2010. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 

2011;17:445-7. 

13. Windiyaningsih C, Wilde H, Meslin FX, Suroso T, Widarso HS. The rabies epidemic on Flores 

Island, Indonesia (1998–2003). Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2004;87:1389-93. 

14. Hooper PT, Lunt RA, Gould AR, et al. A new lyssavirus – the first endemic rabies-related virus 

recognized in Australia. Bulletin de l’Institut Pasteur 1997;95:209-18. 

15. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Disease Preparedness 

Section Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer. Exotic animal diseases bulletin. Australian bat 

lyssavirus (ABLV). Australian Veterinary Journal 2007;85:N20-2. 

16. Mackenzie JS, Field HE, Guyatt KJ. Managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying 

foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and Australian bat lyssavirus. Journal of Applied 

Microbiology 2003;94 Suppl:59S-69S. 

17. Warrilow D. Australian bat lyssavirus: a recently discovered new rhabdovirus. Current Topics in 

Microbiology and Immunology 2005;292:25-44. 

18. Ewald B, Durrheim D. Australian Bat Lyssavirus: examination of post-exposure treatment in 

NSW. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2008;19:104-7. 

19. Young MK, McCall BJ. Potential exposure to Australian bat lyssavirus in South East Queensland: 

what has changed in 12 years? Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2010;34:334-8. 

20. World Health Organization (WHO). Essential rabies maps. Available at: 

http://www.who.int/rabies/rabies_maps/en/index.html (accessed Oct 2012). 

21. Health Protection Agency. Rabies risks in terrestrial animals, by country. 2012. Available at: 




23. Dobardzic A, Izurieta H, Woo EJ, et al. Safety review of the purified chick embryo cell rabies 

vaccine: data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1997–2005. Vaccine 

2007;25:4244-51. 

24. Brookes SM, Healy DM, Fooks AR. Ability of rabies vaccine strains to elicit cross-neutralising 

antibodies. Developments in Biologicals 2006;125:185-93. 

25. Brookes SM, Parsons G, Johnson N, McElhinney LM, Fooks AR. Rabies human diploid cell 

vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against European and 

Australian bat lyssaviruses. Vaccine 2005;23:4101-9. 

26. Hanlon CA, Kuzmin IV, Blanton JD, et al. Efficacy of rabies biologics against new lyssaviruses 

from Eurasia. Virus Research 2005;111:44-54. 

27. Harkess G, Fooks AR. Lyssaviruses: special emphasis on rabies virus and other members of the 

lyssavirus genus. Methods in Molecular Biology 2011;665:279-307. 

28. Horton DL, McElhinney LM, Marston DA, et al. Quantifying antigenic relationships among the 

lyssaviruses. Journal of Virology 2010;84:11841-8. 

29. Nel LH. Vaccines for lyssaviruses other than rabies. Expert Review of Vaccines 2005;4:533-40. 





31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Manning SE, Rupprecht CE, et al. Human 

rabies prevention – United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on 

Immunization Practices. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2008;57(RR-3):1-28. 

32. Suwansrinon K, Jaijaroensup W, Wilde H, Sitprija V. Is injecting a finger with rabies 

immunoglobulin dangerous? American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;75:363-4. 

33. Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T. Rabies re-examined. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 

2002;2:327-43. 

34. Briggs DJ, Dreesen DW, Nicolay U, et al. Purified Chick Embryo Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine: 

interchangeability with Human Diploid Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine and comparison of one 

versus two-dose post-exposure booster regimen for previously immunized persons. Vaccine 

2000;19:1055-60. 

35. Giovanetti F. Immunisation of the travelling child. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 

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36. Gunther A, Burchard GD, Schoenfeld C. Rabies vaccination and traffic accidents [letter]. Travel 

Medicine and Infectious Disease 2008;6:326-7. 

37. Neilson AA, Mayer CA. Rabies: prevention in travellers. Australian Family Physician 

2010;39:641-5. 

38. Gautret P, Schwartz E, Shaw M, et al. Animal-associated injuries and related diseases among 

returned travellers: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Vaccine 2007;25:2656-63. 

39. Meslin FX. Rabies as a traveler‘s risk, especially in high-endemicity areas. Journal of Travel 

Medicine 2005;12 Suppl 1:S30-40. 

40. Mudur G. Foreign visitors to India are unaware of rabies risk. BMJ 2005;331:255. 

41. Piyaphanee W, Shantavasinkul P, Phumratanaprapin W, et al. Rabies exposure risk among foreign 

backpackers in Southeast Asia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 

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42. Jaijaroensup W, Tantawichien T, Khawplod P, Tepsumethanon S, Wilde H. Postexposure rabies 

vaccination in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 

1999;28:913-4. 

43. Suntharasamai P, Warrell MJ, Viravan C, et al. Purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine: 

economical multisite intradermal regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis. Epidemiology and 

Infection 1987;99:755-65. 

44. Warrell MJ, Nicholson KG, Warrell DA, et al. Economical multiple-site intradermal immunisation 

with human diploid-cell-strain vaccine is effective for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. The 

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45. Barnett ED. The pre-travel consultation. Drug–vaccine and drug–drug interactions. In: Brunette 

GW, Kozarsky PE, Magill AJ, Shlim DR, Whatley AD, eds. CDC Health information for 

international travel: The Yellow Book 2012. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Available 

at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-2-the-pre-travel-consultation/drugvaccine-and-drug-drug-interactions.htm 


46. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Rabies and Australian bat lyssavirus: 

CDNA national guidelines for public health units. Canberra: Australian Government Department 

of Health and Ageing, 2012. Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs (accessed Sep 

2012). 

47. Aoki FY, Rubin ME, Fast MV. Rabies neutralizing antibody in serum of children compared to 

adults following post-exposure prophylaxis. Biologicals 1992;20:283-7. 

48. Ashwathnarayana DH, Madhusudana SN, Sampath G, et al. A comparative study on the safety and 

immunogenicity of purified duck embryo vaccine (PDEV, Vaxirab) with purified chick embryo 

cell vaccine (PCEC, Rabipur) and purified vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV, Verorab). [erratum 

appears in Vaccine. 2010 Mar 16;28(13):2575]. Vaccine 2009;28:148-51. 

49. Bakker AB, Python C, Kissling CJ, et al. First administration to humans of a monoclonal antibody 

cocktail against rabies virus: safety, tolerability, and neutralizing activity. Vaccine 2008;26:5922- 

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50. Briggs DJ, Banzhoff A, Nicolay U, et al. Antibody response of patients after postexposure rabies 

vaccination with small intradermal doses of purified chick embryo cell vaccine or purified Vero 

cell rabies vaccine. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000;78:693-8. 

51. Hasbahceci M, Kiyan M, Eyol E, Ewalt LC, Lodmell DL. Human diploid-cell rabies vaccine: 

efficacy of four doses [letter]. The Lancet 1996;347:976-7. 

52. Jones RL, Froeschle JE, Atmar RL, et al. Immunogenicity, safety and lot consistency in adults of a 

chromatographically purified Vero-cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, double-blind trial with 

human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Vaccine 2001;19:4635-43. 

53. Kuwert EK, Werner J, Marcus I, Cabasso VJ. Immunization against rabies with rabies immune 

globulin, human (RIGH) and a human diploid cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine. Journal of 

Biological Standardization 1978;6:211-9. 

54. Lang J, Gravenstein S, Briggs D, et al. Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a new, 

heat-treated human rabies immune globulin using a sham, post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies. 

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55. Robertson K, Recuenco S, Niezgoda M, Garcia EJ, Rupprecht CE. Seroconversion following 

incomplete human rabies postexposure prophylaxis. Vaccine 2010;28:6523-6. 

56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Rupprecht CE, Briggs D, et al. Use of a 

reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: 

recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. [erratum appears in 

MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Apr 30;59(16):493]. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 

2010;59(RR-2):1-9. 

57. Sampath G, Parikh S, Sangram P, Briggs DJ. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in malnourished 

children exposed to suspect rabid animals. Vaccine 2005;23:1102-5. 

58. Gibbons RV, Rupprecht CE. Postexposure rabies prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients 

[letter]. JAMA 2001;285:1574-5. 

59. Rotivel Y, Weber P, Goudal M. Post-exposure treatment of patients with impaired or suboptimal 

immunity. In: Dodet B, Meslin FX, eds. 4th International Symposium on Rabies Control in Asia; 

5–9 March 2001; Hanoi, Viet Nam. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext; 2001. 

60. Wilde H, Khawplod P, Hemachudha T. Post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in patients with AIDS 

[letter]. Vaccine 2009;27:5726-7. 

61. Turner GS. Recovery of immune responsiveness to rabies vaccine after treatment of mice with 

cyclophosphamide. Archives of Virology 1979;61:321-5. 

62. Gherardin AW, Scrimgeour DJ, Lau SC, Phillips MA, Kass RB. Early rabies antibody response to 

intramuscular booster in previously intradermally immunized travelers using human diploid cell 

rabies vaccine. Journal of Travel Medicine 2001;8:122-6. 

63. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: first report. (WHO 

technical report series 931). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Available at: 

http://www.who.int/rabies/ExpertConsultationOnRabies.pdf (accessed Oct 2012). 

64. Chutivongse S, Wilde H, Benjavongkulchai M, Chomchey P, Punthawong S. Postexposure rabies 

vaccination during pregnancy: effect on 202 women and their infants. Clinical Infectious Diseases 

1995;20:818-20. 

65. Sudarshan MK, Giri MS, Mahendra BJ, et al. Assessing the safety of post-exposure rabies 

immunization in pregnancy. Human Vaccines 2007;3:87-9. 

66. Plotkin SA, Koprowski H, Rupprecht CE. Rabies vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit 

PA, eds. Vaccines. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. 

67. Madhusudana SN, Sanjay TV, Mahendra BJ, et al. Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of 

purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCEV) and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) 

using the Thai Red Cross intradermal regimen at a dose of 0.1 mL. Human Vaccines 2006;2:200- 

4. 

68. Mattner F, Bitz F, Goedecke M, et al. Adverse effects of rabies pre- and postexposure prophylaxis 

in 290 health-care-workers exposed to a rabies infected organ donor or transplant recipients. 

Infection 2007;35:219-24. 

69. Mattner F, Henke-Gendo C, Martens A, et al. Risk of rabies infection and adverse effects of 

postexposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers and other patient contacts exposed to a rabies 

virus-infected lung transplant recipient. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 

2007;28:513-8.

70. Pengsaa K, Limkittikul K, Sabchareon A, et al. A three-year clinical study on immunogenicity, 

safety, and booster response of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered 

intramuscularly or intradermally to 12- to 18-month-old Thai children, concomitantly with 

Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009;28:335-7. 

71. Ruef C. Safety of rabies vaccination [editorial]. Infection 2007;35:211. 

72. Sabella O. Side effects and risks of rabies vaccine [letter]. Canadian Family Physician 

2009;55:470. 

4.17 Rotavirus 

References 

1. Estes MK, Kapikian AZ. Rotaviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, et al., eds. Fields 

virology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2007. 

2. Cunliffe NA, Nakagomi O. A critical time for rotavirus vaccines: a review. Expert Review of 

Vaccines 2005;4:521-32. 

3. Bishop RF, Masendycz PJ, Bugg HC, Carlin JB, Barnes GL. Epidemiological patterns of 

rotaviruses causing severe gastroenteritis in young children throughout Australia from 1993 to 

1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2001;39:1085-91. 

4. Kirkwood CD, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Cannan D, Bishop RF, Barnes GL. National Rotavirus 

Surveillance Program annual report, 2004–05. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2006;30:133- 

6. 

5. Cunliffe NA, Bresee JS, Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Hart CA. The expanding diversity of rotaviruses. 

The Lancet 2002;359:640-2. 

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Parashar UD, Alexander JP, Glass RI. 

Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the 

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports 

2006;55(RR-12):1-13. 

7. Butz AM, Fosarelli P, Dick J, Cusack T, Yolken R. Prevalence of rotavirus on high-risk fomites in 

day-care facilities. Pediatrics 1993;92:202-5. 

8. Dennehy PH, Nelson SM, Crowley BA, Saracen CL. Detection of rotavirus RNA in hospital air 

samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). [1998 abstract The American Pediatric Society and 

The Society for Pediatric Research]. Pediatric Research 1998;43 Suppl 2:143A. 

9. Franco MA, Angel J, Greenberg HB. Immunity and correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines. 

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10. Velázquez FR, Matson DO, Calva JJ, et al. Rotavirus infection in infants as protection against 

subsequent infections. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;335:1022-8. 

11. Galati JC, Harsley S, Richmond P, Carlin JB. The burden of rotavirus-related illness among young 

children on the Australian health care system. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public 


12. Newall AT, MacIntyre R, Wang H, Hull B, Macartney K. Burden of severe rotavirus disease in 

Australia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2006;42:521-7. 

13. Carlin JB, Chondros P, Masendycz P, et al. Rotavirus infection and rates of hospitalisation for 

acute gastroenteritis in young children in Australia, 1993–1996. Medical Journal of Australia 

1998;169:252-6. 

14. Buttery JP, Lambert SB, Grimwood K, et al. Reduction in rotavirus-associated acute 

gastroenteritis following introduction of rotavirus vaccine into Australia‘s national childhood 

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Infectious Disease Journal 2011;30(1 Suppl):S25-9. 

15. Macartney KK, Porwal M, Dalton D, et al. Decline in rotavirus hospitalisations following 

introduction of Australia‘s national rotavirus immunisation programme. Journal of Paediatrics 

and Child Health 2011;47:266-70. 

16. Clarke MF, Davidson GP, Gold MS, Marshall HS. Direct and indirect impact on rotavirus positive 

and all-cause gastroenteritis hospitalisations in South Australian children following the 

introduction of rotavirus vaccination. Vaccine 2011;29:4663-7.

17. Dey A, Wang H, Menzies R, Macartney K. Changes in hospitalisations for acute gastroenteritis in 

Australia after the national rotavirus vaccination program. Medical Journal of Australia 

2012;197:453-7. 

18. Belshaw DA, Muscatello DJ, Ferson MJ, Nurkic A. Rotavirus vaccination one year on. 


19. Lambert SB, Faux CE, Hall L, et al. Early evidence for direct and indirect effects of the infant 

rotavirus vaccine program in Queensland. [erratum appears in Med J Aust. 2010 May 

3;192(9):525]. Medical Journal of Australia 2009;191:157-60. 

20. Blumer C, Roche P, Kirkwood C, Bishop R, Barnes G. Surveillance of viral pathogens in 

Australia. Rotavirus. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2003;27:496-503. 

21. Armstrong P. Rotaviral gastroenteritis in the NT: a description of the epidemiology 1995–2001 

and future directions for research. The Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin 2001;8(3):1-5. 

22. Williams G, Zerna L. Rotavirus outbreak in central Australia. Australian Infection Control 

2002;7:51-8. 

23. Schultz R. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in the Northern Territory, 1995–2004. Medical Journal of 

Australia 2006;185:354-6. 

24. Saulsbury FT, Winkelstein JA, Yolken RH. Chronic rotavirus infection in immunodeficiency. 

Journal of Pediatrics 1980;97:61-5. 

25. Yolken RH, Bishop CA, Townsend TR, et al. Infectious gastroenteritis in bone-marrow-transplant 

recipients. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306:1009-12. 

26. Fischer TK, Bresee JS, Glass RI. Rotavirus vaccines and the prevention of hospital-acquired 

diarrhea in children. Vaccine 2004;22 Suppl 1:S49-54. 

27. Frühwirth M, Heininger U, Ehlken B, et al. International variation in disease burden of rotavirus 

gastroenteritis in children with community- and nosocomially acquired infection. Pediatric 


28. Ringenbergs ML, Davidson GP, Spence J, Morris S. Prospective study of nosocomial rotavirus 

infection in a paediatric hospital. Australian Paediatric Journal 1989;25:156-60. 

29. Gleizes O, Desselberger U, Tatochenko V, et al. Nosocomial rotavirus infection in European 

countries: a review of the epidemiology, severity and economic burden of hospital-acquired 

rotavirus disease. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25(1 Suppl):S12-21. 

30. Snelling T, Cripps T, Macartney K, et al. Nosocomial rotavirus infection in an Australian 

children‘s hospital [letter]. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2007;43:327. 

31. Anderson EJ, Weber SG. Rotavirus infection in adults. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2004;4:91- 

9. 

32. Marshall J, Botes J, Gorrie G, et al. Rotavirus detection and characterisation in outbreaks of 

gastroenteritis in aged-care facilities. Journal of Clinical Virology 2003;28:331-40. 

33. Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P, et al. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine 

(WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354:23-33. 

34. Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pérez-Schael I, Velázquez FR, et al. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated 

vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354:11- 

22. 

35. Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Prymula R, et al. Efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus 

gastroenteritis during the first 2 years of life in European infants: randomised, double-blind 

controlled study. The Lancet 2007;370:1757-63. 

36. Madhi SA, Cunliffe NA, Steele D, et al. Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in 

African infants. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362:289-98. 

37. Armah GE, Sow SO, Breiman RF, et al. Efficacy of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe 

rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa: a randomised, 

double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 2010;376:606-14. 

38. Zaman K, Dang DA, Victor JC, et al. Efficacy of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe 

rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in developing countries in Asia: a randomised, double-blind, 

placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 2010;376:615-23. 

39. Soares-Weiser K, MacLehose H, Bergman H, et al. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: 

vaccines in use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012;(2):CD008521. 

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008521.pub2.

40. Vesikari T, Giaquinto C, Huppertz HI. Clinical trials of rotavirus vaccines in Europe. Pediatric 

Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25:S42-7. 

41. Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Ferrante SA, Kuter BJ, Ciarlet M. Sustained efficacy of the pentavalent 

rotavirus vaccine, RV5, up to 3.1 years following the last dose of vaccine. Pediatric Infectious 


42. Field EJ, Vally H, Grimwood K, Lambert SB. Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and prevention of 

gastroenteritis hospitalizations in Australia. Pediatrics 2010;126:e506-12. 

43. Curns AT, Steiner CA, Barrett M, et al. Reduction in acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations among 

US children after introduction of rotavirus vaccine: analysis of hospital discharge data from 18 US 

states. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010;201:1617-24. 

44. Wang FT, Mast TC, Glass RJ, Loughlin J, Seeger JD. Effectiveness of the pentavalent rotavirus 

vaccine in preventing gastroenteritis in the United States. Pediatrics 2010;125:e208-13. 

45. Cortese MM, Tate JE, Simonsen L, Edelman L, Parashar UD. Reduction in gastroenteritis in 

United States children and correlation with early rotavirus vaccine uptake from national medical 

claims databases. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2010;29:489-94. 

46. Snelling TL, Schultz R, Graham J, et al. Rotavirus and the Indigenous children of the Australian 

outback: monovalent vaccine effective in a high-burden setting. Clinical Infectious Diseases 

2009;49:428-31. 

47. World Health Organization (WHO). Meeting of the immunization Strategic Advisory Group of 

Experts, April 2009 – conclusions and recommendations. Weekly Epidemiological Record 

2009;84:220-36. 

48. Lanzieri TM, Linhares AC, Costa I, et al. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on childhood deaths 

from diarrhea in Brazil. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011;15:e206-10. 

49. Richardson V, Hernandez-Pichardo J, Quintanar-Solares M, et al. Effect of rotavirus vaccination 

on death from childhood diarrhea in Mexico. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362:299- 

305. 

50. Snelling TL, Andrews RM, Kirkwood CD, Culvenor S, Carapetis JR. Case-control evaluation of 

the effectiveness of the G1P[8] human rotavirus vaccine during an outbreak of rotavirus G2P[4] 

infection in Central Australia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;52:191-9. 

51. Murphy TV, Gargiullo PM, Massoudi MS, et al. Intussusception among infants given an oral 

rotavirus vaccine. [erratum appears in N Engl J Med 2001 May 17;344(20):1564]. New England 

Journal of Medicine 2001;344:564-72. 

52. Simonsen L, Viboud C, Elixhauser A, Taylor RJ, Kapikian AZ. More on RotaShield and 

intussusception: the role of age at the time of vaccination. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;192 

Suppl 1:S36-43. 

53. Kapikian AZ, Hoshino Y, Chanock RM, Pérez-Schael I. Efficacy of a quadrivalent rhesus 

rotavirus-based human rotavirus vaccine aimed at preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea in infants 

and young children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996;174 Suppl 1:S65-72. 

54. Pérez-Schael I, Guntiñas MJ, Pérez M, et al. Efficacy of the rhesus rotavirus-based quadrivalent 

vaccine in infants and young children in Venezuela. [erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 

2;338(14):1002]. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337:1181-7. 

55. Haber P, Chen RT, Zanardi LR, et al. An analysis of rotavirus vaccine reports to the Vaccine 

Adverse Event Reporting System: more than intussusception alone? Pediatrics 2004;113:e353-9. 

56. Buttery JP, Danchin MH, Lee KJ, et al. Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine 

administration: post-marketing surveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia. 

Vaccine 2011;29:3061-6. 

57. Patel MM, López-Collada VR, Bulhões MM, et al. Intussusception risk and health benefits of 

rotavirus vaccination in Mexico and Brazil. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;364:2283-92. 

58. Phua KB, Quak SH, Lee BW, et al. Evaluation of RIX4414, a live, attenuated rotavirus vaccine, in 

a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial involving 2464 Singaporean infants. 


59. Salinas B, Pérez-Schael I, Linhares AC, et al. Evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy 

of an attenuated rotavirus vaccine, RIX4414: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Latin 

American infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2005;24:807-16.

60. GlaxoSmithKline. A study to explore the existence of horizontal transmission of the RIX4414 

vaccine strain between twins within a family (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00396630). 2009. 

Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00396630 (accessed Apr 2011). 





62. Dennehy PH, Brady RC, Halperin SA, et al. Comparative evaluation of safety and 

immunogenicity of two dosages of an oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine. Pediatric 


63. Newman RD, Grupp-Phelan J, Shay DK, Davis RL. Perinatal risk factors for infant hospitalization 

with viral gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 1999;103:e3. 

64. Goveia MG, Rodriguez ZM, Dallas MJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of the pentavalent human-bovine 

(WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine in healthy premature infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease 

Journal 2007;26:1099-104. 

65. Omenaca F, Sarlangue J, Szenborn L, et al. Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the 

human rotavirus vaccine in preterm European Infants: a randomized phase IIIb study. Pediatric 


66. Daneman A, Alton DJ, Lobo E, et al. Patterns of recurrence of intussusception in children: a 17- 

year review. Pediatric Radiology 1998;28:913-9. 

67. Patel NC, Hertel PM, Estes MK, et al. Vaccine-acquired rotavirus in infants with severe combined 

immunodeficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362:314-9. 

68. Bakare N, Menschik D, Tiernan R, Hua W, Martin D. Severe combined immunodeficiency 

(SCID) and rotavirus vaccination: reports to the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System 

(VAERS). Vaccine 2010;28:6609-12. 

69. Werther RL, Crawford NW, Boniface K, Kirkwood CD, Smart JM. Rotavirus vaccine induced 

diarrhea in a child with severe combined immune deficiency [letter]. Journal of Allergy and 

Clinical Immunology 2009;124:600. 

70. Fang AY, Tingay DG. Early observations in the use of oral rotavirus vaccination in infants with 

functional short gut syndrome. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2011;48:512-6. 

71. Steele AD, Cunliffe N, Tumbo J, et al. A review of rotavirus infection in and vaccination of 

human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009;200 Suppl 

1:S57-62. 

72. Steele AD, Madhi SA, Louw CE, et al. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of human 

rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 in human immunodeficiency virus-positive infants in South Africa. 


73. Shui IM, Baggs J, Patel M, et al. Risk of intussusception following administration of a pentavalent 

rotavirus vaccine in US infants. JAMA 2012;307:598-604. 

74. Carlin J, Lee K. Rotavirus vaccination and risk of intussusception: a case-series and a case-control 

analysis of confirmed cases from six states and territories of Australia, July 2007 – June 2010. 

Report to the Therapeutic Goods Administration. Final report. 24 April 2012. () 

75. Justice F, Carlin J, Bines J. Changing epidemiology of intussusception in Australia. Journal of 


76. Bishop J. CMO letter on intussusception and rotavirus vaccine. 25 February 2011. Available at: 

http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/immunise-cmointussusception 

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77. Cheuvart B, Friedland LR, Abu-Elyazeed R, et al. The human rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 in 

infants: a review of safety and tolerability. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009;28:225-32. 

78. Dennehy PH, Goveia MG, Dallas MJ, Heaton PM. The integrated phase III safety profile of the 

pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. International Journal of 

Infectious Diseases 2007;11 Suppl 2:S36-42.

4.18 Rubella 

References 

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rubella. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe C, 



2. Rubella and congenital rubella. In: Heymann DL, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 

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6. Menser MA, Forrest JM. Rubella – high incidence of defects in children considered normal at 

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7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Watson JC, Hadler SC, et al. Measles, mumps, 

and rubella – vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella 

syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization 

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eds. Red Book: 2009 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, 

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9. Burgess MA. Rubella reinfection – what risk to the fetus? Medical Journal of Australia 

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11. Gidding HF, Burgess MA, Kempe AE. A short history of vaccination in Australia. [erratum 

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incidence of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome and rubella-related terminations of pregnancy in 

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14. Burgess MA, Forrest JM. Congenital rubella in Australia – 1993 and early reports for 1994. 


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18. Mahajan D, Zurynski Y, Peadon E, Elliott E, eds. Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit research 

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19. Ridley G, Zurynski Y, Elliott E, eds. Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit research report 2007– 

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20. Menser MA, Hudson JR, Murphy AM, Cossart YE. Impact of rubella vaccination in Australia. The 

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21. Francis BH, Thomas AK, McCarty CA. The impact of rubella immunization on the serological 

status of women of childbearing age: a retrospective longitudinal study in Melbourne, Australia. 

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22. Gilbert GL, Escott RG, Gidding HF, et al. Impact of the Australian Measles Control Campaign on 

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23. Castillo-Solórzano C, Marsigli C, Bravo-Alcántara P, et al. Elimination of rubella and congenital 

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24. Reef SE, Strebel P, Dabbagh A, Gacic-Dobo M, Cochi S. Progress toward control of rubella and 

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25. Icenogle JP, Siqueira MM, Abernathy ES, et al. Virologic surveillance for wild-type rubella 

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4.19 Tetanus 

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77. LaRussa P, Steinberg S, Meurice F, Gershon A. Transmission of vaccine strain varicella-zoster 

virus from a healthy adult with vaccine-associated rash to susceptible household contacts. Journal 

of Infectious Diseases 1997;176:1072-5. 

78. Salzman MB, Sharrar RG, Steinberg S, LaRussa P. Transmission of varicella-vaccine virus from a 

healthy 12-month-old child to his pregnant mother. Journal of Pediatrics 1997;131:151-4. 

79. Klein NP, Fireman B, Yih WK, et al. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and 

the risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics 2010;126:e1-8. 

80. Jacobsen SJ, Ackerson BK, Sy LS, et al. Observational safety study of febrile convulsion 

following first dose MMRV vaccination in a managed care setting. Vaccine 2009;27:4656-61.

81. Klein NP, Lewis E, Baxter R, et al. Measles-containing vaccines and febrile seizures in children 

age 4 to 6 years. Pediatrics 2012;129:809-14. 

82. Hope-Simpson RE. The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965;58:9-20. 

83. Guess HA, Broughton DD, Melton LJ, III, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of herpes zoster in children 

and adolescents: a population-based study. Pediatrics 1985;76:512-7. 

84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FDA approval of an extended period for 

administering VariZIG for postexposure prophylaxis of varicella. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality 

Weekly Report 2012;61:212. 

85. Chapter 7 – Chickenpox. In: Immunoglobulin handbook. Indications and dosage for normal and 

specific immunoglobulin preparations issued by the Health Protection Agency. London: Health 

Protection Agency, 2008. Available at: 

http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Immunoglobulin (accessed Jan 

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86. Ogilvie MM. Antiviral prophylaxis and treatment in chickenpox. A review prepared for the UK 

Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. 

Journal of Infection 1998;36 Suppl 1:31-8. 



Report 2001;50:1117. 

4.23 Yellow fever 

References 

1. Monath TP. Yellow fever: an update. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2001;1:11-20. 

2. World Health Organization (WHO). Yellow fever fact sheet (revised in December 2009). Weekly 


3. Robertson SE, Hull BP, Tomori O, et al. Yellow fever: a decade of reemergence. JAMA 

1996;276:1157-62. 

4. World Health Organization (WHO). The yellow fever situation in Africa and South America in 

2004. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2005;80:250-6. 

5. World Health Organization (WHO). Outbreak news: Yellow fever, Paraguay. Weekly 

Epidemiological Record 2008;83:105. 

6. Monath TP, Cetron MS. Prevention of yellow fever in persons traveling to the tropics. Clinical 


7. Monath TP, Cetron MS, Teuwen DE. Yellow fever vaccine. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit 






9. Nasveld PE, Marjason J, Bennett S, et al. Concomitant or sequential administration of live 

attenuated Japanese encephalitis chimeric virus vaccine and yellow fever 17D vaccine: 

randomized double-blind phase II evaluation of safety and immunogenicity. Human Vaccines 

2010;6:906-14. 




11. Suzano CE, Amaral E, Sato HK, Papaiordanou PM, Campinas Group on Yellow Fever 

Immunization during Pregnancy. The effects of yellow fever immunization (17DD) inadvertently 

used in early pregnancy during a mass campaign in Brazil. Vaccine 2006;24:1421-6. 

12. Cavalcanti DP, Salomão MA, Lopez-Camelo J, Pessoto MA, Campinas Group of Yellow Fever 

Immunization during Pregnancy. Early exposure to yellow fever vaccine during pregnancy. 

Tropical Medicine and International Health 2007;12:833-7.

13. Kuhn S, Twele-Montecinos L, MacDonald J, Webster P, Law B. Case report: Probable 

transmission of vaccine strain of yellow fever virus to an infant via breast milk. CMAJ Canadian 

Medical Association Journal 2011;183:E243-5. 

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus 

through breast-feeding – Brazil, 2009. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

2010;59:130-2. 

15. Veit O, Hatz C, Niedrig M, Furrer H. Yellow fever vaccination in HIV-infected patients. HIV 

Therapy 2010;4:17-26. 

16. Khromava AY, Barwick Eidex R, Weld LH, et al. Yellow fever vaccine: an updated assessment of 

advanced age as a risk factor for serious adverse events. Vaccine 2005;23:3256-63. 

17. Lawrence GL, Burgess MA, Kass RB. Age-related risk of adverse events following yellow fever 

vaccination in Australia. [erratum appears in Commun Dis Intell. 2004;28(3):348]. Communicable 


18. Lindsey NP, Schroeder BA, Miller ER, et al. Adverse event reports following yellow fever 

vaccination. Vaccine 2008;26:6077-82. 

19. Domingo C, Niedrig M. Safety of 17D derived yellow fever vaccines. Expert Opinion on Drug 

Safety 2009;8:211-21. 

20. Marfin AA, Barwick Eidex RS, Kozarsky PE, Cetron MS. Yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis 

vaccines: indications and complications. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 

2005;19:151-68. 

21. Kelso JM, Mootrey GT, Tsai TF. Anaphylaxis from yellow fever vaccine. Journal of Allergy and 

Clinical Immunology 1999;103:698-701. 

22. Barwick Eidex R. History of thymoma and yellow fever vaccination [letter]. The Lancet 

2004;364:936. 

4.24 Zoster (herpes zoster) 

References 

1. Levin MJ. Zoster vaccine. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 5th ed. 

Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. 

2. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, et al. Recommendations for the management of herpes 

zoster. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44 Suppl 1:S1-26. 

3. Whitley RJ. Varicella-zoster virus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, 

and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill 

Livingstone, 2010. 

4. Gnann JW, Jr., Whitley RJ. Clinical practice. Herpes zoster. New England Journal of Medicine 

2002;347:340-6. 

5. Dworkin RH, Portenoy RK. Proposed classification of herpes zoster pain. The Lancet 

1994;343:1648. 

6. Kost RG, Straus SE. Postherpetic neuralgia – pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. New 


7. Gross G, Doerr HW. Herpes zoster guidelines of the German Dermatological Society [letter]. 

Journal of Clinical Virology 2003;27:308-9. 

8. Tyring SK, Beutner KR, Tucker BA, Anderson WC, Crooks RJ. Antiviral therapy for herpes 

zoster: randomized, controlled clinical trial of valacyclovir and famciclovir therapy in 

immunocompetent patients 50 years and older. Archives of Family Medicine 2000;9:863-9. 

9. Johnson RW, Dworkin RH. Treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. BMJ 

2003;326:748-50. 

10. Jackson JL, Gibbons R, Meyer G, Inouye L. The effect of treating herpes zoster with oral 

acyclovir in preventing postherpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine 

1997;157:909-12. 

11. Meister W, Neiss A, Gross G, et al. Demography, symptomatology, and course of disease in 

ambulatory zoster patients: a physician-based survey in Germany. Intervirology 1998;41:272-7.

12. Simmons A. Management of shingles and post-herpetic neuralgia. Current Therapeutics 

2000;41:61-6. 

13. Dworkin RH, Schmader KE. Treatment and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia. Clinical 


14. Schmader K. Herpes zoster in older adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;32:1481-6. 

15. Brisson M, Edmunds WJ, Law B, et al. Epidemiology of varicella zoster virus infection in Canada 

and the United Kingdom. Epidemiology and Infection 2001;127:305-14. 

16. Thomas SL, Hall AJ. What does epidemiology tell us about risk factors for herpes zoster? The 

Lancet Infectious Diseases 2004;4:26-33. 

17. Ragozzino MW, Melton LJ, III, Kurland LT, Chu CP, Perry HO. Population-based study of herpes 

zoster and its sequelae. Medicine 1982;61:310-6. 

18. Yawn BP, Wollan PC, Kurland MJ, St Sauver JL, Saddier P. Herpes zoster recurrences more 

frequent than previously reported. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2011;86:88-93. 

19. Araújo LQ, MacIntyre CR, Vujacich C. Epidemiology and burden of herpes zoster and postherpetic 

neuralgia in Australia, Asia and South America. Herpes 2007;14 Suppl 2:40-4. 

20. MacIntyre CR, Chu CP, Burgess MA. Use of hospitalization and pharmaceutical prescribing data 

to compare the prevaccination burden of varicella and herpes zoster in Australia. Epidemiology 

and Infection 2003;131:675-82. 

21. Gidding HF, Brisson M, MacIntyre CR, Burgess MA. Modelling the impact of vaccination on the 

epidemiology of varicella zoster virus in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public 


22. Stein AN, Britt H, Harrison C, et al. Herpes zoster burden of illness and health care resource 

utilisation in the Australian population aged 50 years and older. Vaccine 2009;27:520-9. 

23. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic 

neuralgia in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;352:2271-84. 

24. Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, et al. A population-based study of the incidence and 

complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 

2007;82:1341-9. 

25. Vafai A, Berger M. Zoster in patients infected with HIV: a review. American Journal of the 

Medical Sciences 2001;321:372-80. 

26. Edmunds WJ, Brisson M, Rose JD. The epidemiology of herpes zoster and potential costeffectiveness 

of vaccination in England and Wales. Vaccine 2001;19:3076-90. 

27. Scott FT, Johnson RW, Leedham-Green M, et al. The burden of herpes zoster: a prospective 

population based study. Vaccine 2006;24:1308-14. 

28. Brisson M, Gay NJ, Edmunds WJ, Andrews NJ. Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to herpeszoster: 

implications for mass vaccination against chickenpox. Vaccine 2002;20:2500-7. 

29. Jumaan AO, Yu O, Jackson LA, et al. Incidence of herpes zoster, before and after varicellavaccination–associated 

decreases in the incidence of varicella, 1992–2002. Journal of Infectious 

Diseases 2005;191:2002-7. 

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Marin M, Guris D, et al. Prevention of 



31. Leung J, Harpaz R, Molinari NA, Jumaan A, Zhou F. Herpes zoster incidence among insured 

persons in the United States, 1993–2006: evaluation of impact of varicella vaccination. Clinical 


32. Nelson MR, Britt HC, Harrison CM. Evidence of increasing frequency of herpes zoster 

management in Australian general practice since the introduction of a varicella vaccine. Medical 


33. Carville KS, Riddell MA, Kelly HA. A decline in varicella but an uncertain impact on zoster 

following varicella vaccination in Victoria, Australia. Vaccine 2010;28:2532-8. 

34. Heywood AE, Macartney KK. How can we better understand trends in varicella zoster virusrelated 

disease epidemiology? [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2011;194:268-9. 

35. Oxman MN. Vaccination to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Human Vaccines 

2007;3:64-8.

36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF. 

Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization 

Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports 2008;57(RR-5):1-30. 

37. Schmader KE, Johnson GR, Saddier P, et al. Effect of a zoster vaccine on herpes zoster–related 

interference with functional status and health-related quality-of-life measures in older adults. 

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58:1634-41. 

38. Schmader KE, Levin MJ, Gnann JW, Jr., et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster 

vaccine in persons aged 50–59 years. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;54:922-8. 

39. Schmader KE, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, et al. Persistence of the efficacy of zoster vaccine in the 

Shingles Prevention Study and the Short-Term Persistence Substudy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 

2012;55:1320-8. 

40. Sutradhar SC, Wang WW, Schlienger K, et al. Comparison of the levels of immunogenicity and 

safety of Zostavax in adults 50 to 59 years old and in adults 60 years old or older. Clinical and 


41. Gilderman LI, Lawless JF, Nolen TM, et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter 

safety and immunogenicity study of a refrigerator-stable formulation of Zostavax. Clinical and 


42. Kerzner B, Murray AV, Cheng E, et al. Safety and immunogenicity profile of the concomitant 

administration of ZOSTAVAX and inactivated influenza vaccine in adults aged 50 and older. 

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55:1499-507. 

43. MacIntyre CR, Egerton T, McCaughey M, et al. Concomitant administration of zoster and 

pneumococcal vaccines in adults 60 years old. Human Vaccines 2010;6:894-902. 

44. Tseng HF, Smith N, Sy LS, Jacobsen SJ. Evaluation of the incidence of herpes zoster after 

concomitant administration of zoster vaccine and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. Vaccine 

2011;29:3628-32. 

45. Baylor NW. Perspective of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on concomitant administration 

of Zostavax and Pneumovax [letter]. Vaccine 2011;29:8771. 

46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on herpes zoster vaccine: licensure for 

persons aged 50 through 59 years. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2011;60:1528. 





48. Hope-Simpson RE. The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965;58:9-20. 

49. Mills R, Tyring SK, Levin MJ, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of zoster vaccine in 

subjects with a history of herpes zoster. Vaccine 2010;28:4204-9. 

50. Gourishankar S, McDermid JC, Jhangri GS, Preiksaitis JK. Herpes zoster infection following solid 

organ transplantation: incidence, risk factors and outcomes in the current immunosuppressive era. 

American Journal of Transplantation 2004;4:108-15. 

51. Diaz C, Dentico P, Gonzalez R, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a two-dose 

regimen of high-titer varicella vaccine in subjects 13 years of age. Vaccine 2006;24:6875-85. 

52. Macaladad N, Marcano T, Guzman M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a zoster vaccine in 

varicella-zoster virus seronegative and low-seropositive healthy adults. Vaccine 2007;25:2139-44. 





54. Tseng HF, Liu A, Sy L, et al. Safety of zoster vaccine in adults from a large managed-care cohort: 

a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Journal of Internal Medicine 2012;271:510-20.

Part 5 Passive Immunisation 

5.1 Passive immunisation using immunoglobulin preparations 

References 

1. Jurisdictional Blood Committee, for and on behalf of the Australian Health Minister‘s Conference. 

Criteria for the clinical use of intravenous immunoglobulin in Australia. Second edition. Canberra: 

Commonwealth of Australia, 2012. Available at: http://www.nba.gov.au/ivig/index.html (accessed 

Nov 2012). 




3. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Measles: national guidelines for public 







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specific immunoglobulin preparations issued by the Health Protection Agency. London: Health 

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http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Immunoglobulin (accessed Jan 

2012). 

7. Styczynski J, Reusser P, Einsele H, et al. Management of HSV, VZV and EBV infections in 

patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT: guidelines from the Second European 

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8. Tacket CO, Shandera WX, Mann JM, Hargrett NT, Blake PA. Equine antitoxin use and other 

factors that predict outcome in type A foodborne botulism. American Journal of Medicine 

1984;76:794-8. 

9. Arnon SS, Schechter R, Maslanka SE, Jewell NP, Hatheway CL. Human botulism immune 

globulin for the treatment of infant botulism. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354:462-71. 

10. May ML, Corkeron MA, Stretton M. Infant botulism in Australia: availability of human botulinum 

antitoxin for treatment. Medical Journal of Australia 2010;193:614-5. 

11. Hodson EM, Jones CA, Strippoli GF, Webster AC, Craig JC. Immunoglobulins, vaccines or 

interferon for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane 

Database of Systematic Reviews 2007;(2):CD005129. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005129.pub2. 

12. Bonaros N, Mayer B, Schachner T, Laufer G, Kocher A. CMV-hyperimmune globulin for 

preventing cytomegalovirus infection and disease in solid organ transplant recipients: a metaanalysis. 

Clinical Transplantation 2008;22:89-97. 

13. Toussaint ND, Tan MB, Nicholls K, Walker RG, Cohney SJ. Low-dose valaciclovir and 

cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk renal transplant 

recipients. Nephrology 2011;16:113-7. 

14. Fitzgerald DA. Preventing RSV bronchiolitis in vulnerable infants: the role of palivizumab. 

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2009;10:143-7. 

15. Alexander PM, Eastaugh L, Royle J, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus immunoprophylaxis in highrisk 

infants with heart disease. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2012;48:395-401. 

16. Feltes TF, Sondheimer HM. Palivizumab and the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus illness 

in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 

2007;7:1471-80. 

17. Pons JM, Tebé C, Paladio N, et al. Meta-analysis of passive immunoprophylaxis in paediatric 

patients at risk of severe RSV infection. Acta Paediatrica 2011;100:324-9.

18. Shadman KA, Wald ER. A review of palivizumab and emerging therapies for respiratory syncytial 

virus. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2011;11:1455-67. 

19. Wang D, Bayliss S, Meads C. Palivizumab for immunoprophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus 

(RSV) bronchiolitis in high-risk infants and young children: systematic review and additional 

economic modelling of subgroup analyses. Health Technology Assessment;15(5):iii-117. 

20. Cohen SA, Zanni R, Cohen A, et al. Palivizumab use in subjects with congenital heart disease: 

results from the 2000–2004 Palivizumab Outcomes Registry. Pediatric Cardiology 2008;29:382- 

7. 

21. Checchia PA, Nalysnyk L, Fernandes AW, et al. Mortality and morbidity among infants at high 

risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection receiving prophylaxis with palivizumab: a 

systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2011;12:580-8. 

22. Hampp C, Kauf TL, Saidi AS, Winterstein AG. Cost-effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus 

prophylaxis in various indications. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2011;165:498- 

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23. Wu H, Pfarr DS, Johnson S, et al. Development of motavizumab, an ultra-potent antibody for the 

prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Journal 

of Molecular Biology 2007;368:652-65. 

24. World Health Organization (WHO). Tetanus vaccine: WHO position paper. Weekly 





Appendix 4 Commonly asked questions about vaccination 

References 


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July 2011). 



2011;106:11-6. 

3. Offit PA, Quarles J, Gerber MA, et al. Addressing parents‘ concerns: do multiple vaccines 

overwhelm or weaken the infant‘s immune system? Pediatrics 2002;109:124-9. 

4. Eldred BE, Dean AJ, McGuire TM, Nash AL. Vaccine components and constituents: responding 

to consumer concerns. Medical Journal of Australia 2006;184:170-5. 

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Summary of the joint statement on thimerosal 

in vaccines. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, 

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Public Health Service. MMWR Morbidity and 

Mortality Weekly Report 2000;49:622, 631. 

6. Immunization Safety Review Committee, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 

Institute of Medicine. Stratton K, Gable A, McCormick MC, eds. Immunization safety review: 

thimerosal-containing vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders. Washington, D.C.: National 

Academy Press, 2001. 

7. Ball LK, Ball R, Pratt RD. An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines. Pediatrics 

2001;107:1147-54. 

8. Jefferson T, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C. Adverse events after immunisation with aluminiumcontaining 

DTP vaccines: systematic review of the evidence. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 

2004;4:84-90. 

9. Clements CJ, Griffiths E. The global impact of vaccines containing aluminium adjuvants. Vaccine 

2002;20 Suppl 3:S24-33. 

10. Keith LS, Jones DE, Chou CH. Aluminum toxicokinetics regarding infant diet and vaccinations. 

Vaccine 2002;20 Suppl 3:S13-7.

11. Sulfaro F, Fasher B, Burgess MA. Homoeopathic vaccination. What does it mean? Medical 

Journal of Australia 1994;161:305-7.

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