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Forest Stewardship Council for multiple entries into the stand, and to minimize ground disturbance. Formalizing the planning of roads and skid trails also featured prominently in conditions. This involved not only the location of roads and skid trails, but also plans for their maintenance. In some cases, specific “road plans” were required, which included “proposed access road construction or road up-grading/maintenance, proposed water crossing locations, and any bridge construction.” The monitoring and mapping of roads and skid trails were also often required. For example, one condition stated that road monitoring “must evaluate the impacts of road construction and logging on water quality, stream and riparian buffer zones and the adequacy of cur-rent guide-lines to protect these resources.” Often, operations were required to map out the locations of road and skid trails, sometimes being required to identify areas suitable only for dry weather and/or frozen conditions.” 110 Regeneration and reforestation of certified operations were addressed with conditions in the certification processes of 55% of the 129 FSC-certified operations. According to Newsom and Hewitt (2005) “Most of these conditions dealt with the creation of post-harvest regeneration strategies, the minimization of regeneration threats, such as residual stand damage during logging, and the monitoring of regeneration success. Only a handful of conditions addressed reforestation of previously-degraded areas, such as pasture lands. Perhaps even more significant than the specific actions regarding regeneration and reforestation is the frequent requirement that staff of certified operations articulate a vision of the forest’s “desired future condition” (this vision would then be achieved through appropriate regeneration and reforestation activities). For example, the following wording was fairly common: “harvesting plans will include stand level objectives (including regeneration and target structure) in relation to the desired future condition of the stand and ownership.” SW assessors and forest owners and managers alike agree that creating a vision of the forest’s desired future condition is a major benefit of certification, which has positive effects beyond simply reforestation and regeneration strategies.” 111 Chemical use and disposal related conditions were given to 48% of FSC-certified operations. While the FSC standards prohibit the use of certain chemicals, the standards do not 110 Newsom, Deanna and Hewitt, Daphne (2005): The Global Impacts of SmartWood Certification. Final Report of the TREES Program for the Rainforest Alliance. http://www.rainforestalliance.org/programs/forestry/perspectives/documents/sw_impacts.pdf (as of June 2008) 111 Newsom, Deanna and Hewitt, Daphne (2005): The Global Impacts of SmartWood Certification. Final Report of the TREES Program for the Rainforest Alliance. http://www.rainforestalliance.org/programs/forestry/perspectives/documents/sw_impacts.pdf (as of June 2008) 60 of 245 ® FSC, A.C. All rights reserved. FSC-SECR-0002
2. Impact in and beyond the forest: 2.3 Environmental effects require outright elimination of all synthetic pesticides and herbicides but do have expectations for their safe use. Therefore, the conditions focused on developing strategies to reduce and minimize the use of chemicals, and to ensure that, when their use is necessary, chemicals are applied appropriately. This involved safety precautions for those workers applying the chemicals, as well as measures to ensure the chemicals do not enter waterways or other sensitive areas. In rare cases, assessors did find evidence that banned chemicals were being used, and specifically prohibited their use by name. Depending on the approach taken in regional standards, some conditions required operations to research alternatives to chemicals. For example: “Use of any synthetic pesticide, fungicide, and herbicide must be preceded by a plan that identifies and evaluates non-chemical alternatives…”. In some cases, specific ideas for alternatives were given. One operation was required to determine the feasibility of using “bio-degradable oil for chain saws and as hydraulic oil in machinery working in the forest, and pro-duce a plan for switching to or increasing the use of biodegradable oil.” (Newsom & Hewitt 2005). Reduced use of pesticides in Germany Hirschberger’s study (2005) of German FSC certification reports found: “FSC certification also banned the avoidable use of toxics in the forest. A key issue is the precautionary treatment of timber stored in the forest with insecticides. This could be solved by the accurately timed evacuation of the wood. The restraint of the regeneration by graminaceous species is combated with forest management measures like a reduced harvesting level in vulnerable stands. The reduced growth of grass is also less attractive for voles and allows therefore again the reduction of the use of pesticides.” 112 Conservation and biodiversity Some conservationists are challenging the FSC. In a debate in 2001 Brown et al. found that “Connections between forest certification and biodiversity conservation are well established conceptually, but on-the-ground results have not been consistent. For example, regional working groups of FSC have taken disparate decisions on issues such as plantation forestry, pesticides use, logging in old-growth forests, and management for landscape pat- 112 Hirschberger, Peter (2005): The Effects of FSC-certification in Germany: an analysis of CARs. WWF Forest Programme. 48 p. http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/fscanalysisgermany.pdf (as of June 2008) 61 of 245 ® FSC, A.C. All rights reserved. FSC-SECR-0002
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Forest FSC’s Stewardship vision a
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FSC’s vision and mission FSC’S
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FSC’s vision and mission 2.3 Envi
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1. Introducing FSC: 1.1 Why FSC 1.
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2. Impact in and beyond the forest:
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3. Impact on forest policy: 3.1 FSC
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3. Impact on forest policy: 3.2 Inf
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3. Impact on forest policy: 3.3 Gov
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3. Impact on forest policy: 3.4 Dev
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3. Impact on forest policy: 3.5 Cor
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.1 Certification of
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.1 Certification of
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.2 Combating the il
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.2 Combating the il
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.3 Comparing certif
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5. Conclusion FSC arguing that with
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5. Conclusion (Poschen 2003). In ge
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References REFERENCES Arboleda, Mar
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References Errol Meidinger, and Dea
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References FSC (2000): FSC Principl
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References Corrêa Alves, Rodrigo F
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References the Convention on Biolog
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References PricewaterhouseCoopers (
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References Ros-Tonen, Mirjam A.F. (
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References Turtica, Marius (2006):
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References Yuan, Yuan & Eastin, Iva
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Annex I: 5 Develop an ongoing dialo
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Annex II:Annex I: opment Facility 4
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Abbreviations and definitionsAnnex
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FSC reflected in scientific and professional literature

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