FSC reflected in scientific and professional literature

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Forest Stewardship Council Box 1. FSC certification process FSC operates an Accreditation Program which provides accreditation services to certification bodies. Accreditation Services International (ASI) runs this Accreditation Program based on international standards, in order to guarantee the authenticity of their claims. Forest management certification is the process of evaluating forest management against the agreed set of P&C, set by FSC. This process involves an on-site audit of the forest management unit by a team of experts from an independent FSC-accredited certification body. If forest management complies with the FSC standards, the certification body issues a FSC certificate for a 5 year period, subject to annual monitoring to verify continued compliance of the operation with FSC standards. The findings of each audit (pre-audit with stake-holder consultation, main audit with office and on-site inspections, and annual monitoring) are de-scribed in a detailed certification report. A summary of these reports is publicly available on the web-site of the responsible certification body. In all cases the process of certification will be initiated voluntarily by forest owners or forest managers by requesting the services from an accredited certification body. Certified forest operations can claim that the forest products they are producing are coming from a responsibly managed forest according to international standards. The issuance of a FSC certificate allows certified forest operations to sell their products as FSC certified and to label them with the FSC trademark. In addition to forest management (FM), the FSC offers the following types of certification: 1 Chain of custody (CoC) certification for companies processing and trading certified material from the forest to the end consumer, and 2 FSC Controlled Wood (CW) certification for forest management enterprises that do not fully comply with the FSC P&C, but at least comply with the criteria of the five FSC Controlled Wood categories. To summarize the information above: The larger the forest area certified to FSC standards, the larger the forest area that is managed socially and environmentally responsibly. The underlying assumption of the FSC con- 22 of 245 ® FSC, A.C. All rights reserved. FSC-SECR-0002
1. Introducing FSC: 1.4 Measuring FSC’s impact cept is that each additional hectare certified to FSC standards brings us closer to achieving FSC’s mission: to improve forest management world wide. This assumption is based on the fact that the certification bodies are visiting each certified forest management unit at least once a year to check that the operation continues to comply with all the requirements of the standards. FSC and FSC-accredited certification organizations will not insist on perfection in satisfying the P&C. Failures, non-conformities of the forest management with the FSC standard, are described in the certification reports as conditions or “Corrective Actions Requested” (CAR). These non-conformities have to be rectified within a certain timeframe. Decisions on CARs will be taken by individual certifiers, and guided by the extent to which each Criterion is satisfied, and by the importance and consequences of failures. Some flexibility will be allowed to cope with local circumstances. There are minor CARs (conditions) and major CARs (preconditions). Major CARs, also called “preconditions” have to be complied with before a certificate can be issued. Major failures detected during the monitoring process may lead to decertification if not rectified within a short time. A FSC Forest Management (FM) certificate issued by independent third party auditors can therefore be regarded as a proof of responsible forest management according to the standards. But in conducting forest audits, FSC-accredited certification companies do not certify that a forest management unit has ‘achieved sustainability’, nor do they require or imply the implementation of uniform sets of forest management prescriptions: they certify that FSC-approved standards of forest management have been met. 1.4.4 How can FSC’s impact be demonstrated and/or measured? Who is doing what? Research on FSC’s impact on communities in the South, as well as on changed governance processes globally and on economical and ecological conditions have been conducted since the early years of FSC. Several researchers and other experts – individuals, organizations, networks - are measuring the among others impact of forest management on forests and societies, the impact of (FSC) certification on forest management and beyond, the impact of forestry related programs on societies and vice versa. Different organizations, such as certified companies, research institutes, development aid agencies, members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) like CIFOR and ICRAF, and also the World Bank, environmental NGOs, investment banks and philanthropic organizations are working to demonstrate the impact of FSC on the ground and are initiating or conducting research about FSC. Some scientists are working on FSC for the sake of basic research and interest in market dynamics and because they are fascinated by the energies triggered by FSC and other certification scheme. They often devote their time to the broader dynamics of forest policies and certification, describing the interaction between and within governments, societies and, markets. Geographically, the majority of the papers studying changes that occurred due to FSC certification were concentrated on economic aspects and markets in various countries, such as 23 of 245 ® FSC, A.C. All rights reserved. FSC-SECR-0002
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3. Impact on forest policy: 3.4 Dev
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.1 Certification of
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.2 Combating the il
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4. Beyond FSC: 4.3 Comparing certif
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5. Conclusion FSC arguing that with
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5. Conclusion (Poschen 2003). In ge
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References REFERENCES Arboleda, Mar
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References Errol Meidinger, and Dea
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References FSC (2000): FSC Principl
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References Corrêa Alves, Rodrigo F
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References the Convention on Biolog
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References PricewaterhouseCoopers (
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References Ros-Tonen, Mirjam A.F. (
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References Turtica, Marius (2006):
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References Yuan, Yuan & Eastin, Iva
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Annex I: 5 Develop an ongoing dialo
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Annex II:Annex I: opment Facility 4
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Abbreviations and definitionsAnnex
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FSC reflected in scientific and professional literature

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