Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Figure 4 IBRD/IDA and GEF Forestry-Related Lending, Including Forest Components in Nonforest Projects, 1997–2006 US$ million 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 286 61 1997 422 110 130 56 21 34 1998 1999 2000 165 84 67 20 2001 2002 249 54 105 19 128 45 IBRD/IDA GEF 148 2003 2004 2005 2006 32 Year (MENA) because of its low forest cover. In Morocco, a nation with relatively extensive forests, the World Bank is involved in preparing an Integrated Forest Development Project. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, a land and water management project has a community-based forest management component. In the East Asia and the Pacific region (EAP), the World Bank’s lending has focused on plantation development in countries, such as China, that are major consumers of forest raw materials. 6 Additional focus has been on policy dialogue for development of certification schemes. Also, successful projects in Vietnam and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic are working to address governance and policy reforms. In the South Asia region (SAR), India accounts for the bulk of lending. Lending commitments have been declining since 2003 as one generation of projects has ended (figure 5). Since then, lending awaits the results of an Analytical and Advisory Services (AAA) initiative designed to guide future lending and to reengage dialogue with the government about policy. 7 In the Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC), projects have concentrated on community forestry, reforestation, forest land restoration, forest certification, forest concessions, policy, and legal reforms. 8 Additional projects Figure 5 Amount of IBRD/IDA Forestry Lending by Region, FY01–FY05 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 US$ millions 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 SSA EAP ECA LAC MENA SAR Region and years 8 INTRODUCTION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE FOREST SECTOR
Figure 6 Regional Distribution of IBRD/IDA Lending, 2001–05 SAR 20% SSA 19% poverty, contribute to economic development, and preserve environmental values. Governments do not always make forestry a policy priority or seek Bank support, and in some instances analytical work that might have provided a framework for integrating forest issues into planning and policy making has been lacking or insufficient. The related analytical work has been highly variable and offers opportunity for improvement. MENA 9% LAC 15% in Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru concern the creation and management of protected areas with an emphasis on indigenous and local community participation and forest management. See figure 6 for a regional breakdown of lending over 2001–05. PROGRESS TO DATE ECA 11% EAP 26% In 2006 the World Bank commissioned an independent midterm review of the <strong>Forests</strong> Strategy implementation (Contreras-Hermosilla and Simula 2007). The review found that the World Bank has made substantial progress on all fronts outlined in the strategy. Yet the strategy has been only partially implemented in the four years since its adoption. Some of its main achievements follow. Mainstreaming of the strategy. The World Bank has sought to manage the effects of macroeconomic policy and sector programs on forest resources. Some countries have incorporated forest sector reforms into their Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). The Bank has supported these within the framework of CAS in countries like Cameroon, and through forest investment projects in such countries as Albania, Croatia, Romania, and Russia. The World Bank has also supported policy changes through DPLs, again for example, in Cameroon. In many other countries, however, forests have not been properly considered in the CAS or DPL, even in cases where doing so was clearly warranted by the size of the sector or its potential to alleviate Successful extension to nontropical forests has extended its engagement to nontropical forests, including those in China, Georgia, Romania, the Russian Federation, and Turkey. It has also supported timber production activities in tropical moist forests in countries such as Cambodia, Cameroon, and Mexico. The integration of forest components into natural-resource and rural development programs has intensified in countries like Albania, Gabon, and Guatemala. The World Bank has also broadened its focus on forestry with new instruments, such as independent certification. It has also expanded the scope of its interventions to account for the impacts on forests of policies in other sectors, such as trade. Despite these accomplishments, the World Bank’s overall level of engagement has thus far remained insufficient for achieving the targets set in the <strong>Forests</strong> Strategy. IBRD and IDA lending volumes increased only slowly, regaining and then stabilizing at levels comparable to volumes before the adoption of the strategy. Overall World Bank involvement in natural tropical forests operations remains modest and is often surrounded by intense controversy. In many cases the relative dearth of self-standing forest projects reflects the lack of priority that clients assign to investing in forests or to introducing forest sector reforms. Poverty reduction. Poverty reduction objectives, a pillar of the strategy as well as fundamental to the World Bank’s overall mission, have been appropriately included in forest investments in a number of countries, including Albania, Gabon, and Nicaragua. In many other countries, however, poverty and the effects of forest interventions on forestdependent people have not received adequate attention, either in the World Bank’s analytical work or in its lending program. Other key achievements include the following: ■ Strengthening forest sector governance and transparency. World Bank activities have created a political climate for high-level regional discussions on improvement in gov- INTRODUCTION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE FOREST SECTOR 9
Page 1 and 2: INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
Page 3 and 4: Forest law enforcement and governan
Page 5 and 6: ■ Protecting vital local and glob
Page 7: Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 11 and 12: management and biodiversity conserv
Page 13: PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
Page 16 and 17: Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
Page 18 and 19: harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21: forest management and ownership hav
Page 22 and 23: Institutional development of capaci
Page 24 and 25: Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
Page 26 and 27: Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
Page 28 and 29: Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
Page 30 and 31: NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
Page 32 and 33: the biophysical resource through fo
Page 34 and 35: Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
Page 36 and 37: Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
Page 38 and 39: World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
Page 40 and 41: [Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
Page 42 and 43: inappropriate. Thus, development pr
Page 44 and 45: nity territory into individual plot
Page 46 and 47: LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 48 and 49: Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
Page 50 and 51: In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55: Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57: NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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