Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs in India and Nepal The Pangi Valley is a remote, high-altitude area in the Chamba district, in northwest Himachal Pradesh. Most of the residents in the region subsist on single-season cash cropping, animal herding, road building, and most recently, collection and sale of medicinal plants and herbs from the region’s forests. More than 86 percent of residents surveyed in the Pangi Valley collected some medicinal plants and herbs from the forest during the collecting season of mid-June to mid-October. In most villages, income from medicinal herbs is between 10 and 20 percent of total cash income per household. Generally, those who engage in the most medicinal herb collection are individuals with fewer opportunities for income, less land available for cultivation, and fewer local labor opportunities. This case contrasts with the situation in far western Nepal, also in the Himalayas, where multidonor support to a market and technical network organization, Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources, and Nepali forest user groups led to better markets for essential oils and medicinals, investment in a NTFP paperprocessing enterprise, and better resource extraction and management. Source: Molnar and others 2006. LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS Potential actions that can be taken by international institutions, such as the World Bank, in partnership with government and other stakeholders, include the following: ■ of behavior for international companies who partner with local communities. Generate the research and information needed to understand present levels of market participation by different groups of low-income producers, incomes generated, business profitability, and actual competitive advantages. Also develop partnerships with others who will enable the development of institutions to achieve these goals (Scherr, White, and Kaimowitz 2004). Improved commercial markets may not improve the livelihoods of rural communities and farmers with low-quality forest resources and poorly developed market infrastructure. In these situations it remains important to focus on the subsistence and environmental values of forestry development. Small-scale producers must be able to compete with lowcost industrial producers, as well as with producers who clear land or illegally extract forest products. The marketing strategy should complement the comparative advantages of the different forest “zones.” (For example, people in remote areas may be able to make money from harvesting high-value timber. which compensates for high transportation costs. Closer to urban areas where forests are scarce, low-income producers who plant trees in agroforestry systems can benefit from the proximity to urban markets when selling their timber.) Many attempts at NTFP commercialization from natural forests and agroforestry systems have failed to deliver the expected benefits because marketing and trading strategies for NTFPs have been neglected. It is essential that opportunities are provided for women to be more involved in strategies to improve the successful commercialization of NTFPs because women often depend on NTFP sales as a source of household income. A study in West Bengal, India, reported that three times as many women as men were involved in gathering NTFPs, which accounted for 20 percent of household income (Scherr, White, and Kaimowitz 2004). ■ ■ Organize global and national initiatives to promote market and institutional reforms to enable greater participation of low-income producers in international trade and to protect their interests against trade rules and initiatives that would create unfair competition against them. Develop new financial mechanisms to promote forestry investment for low-income producers, using domestic investment protocols and export guarantee systems to favor forest businesses that adopt business models supportive of low-income producers. Develop global norms NOTE 1. Low-income forest producers include indigenous and other community groups who manage collectively owned forest resources; local individuals or groups who comanage or harvest products from the forest; smallholder farmers who manage remnant natural forests or plant trees in or around their crop fields and pastures; individuals or groups who engage in small-scale forest product processing; and employees of forest production and processing enterprises 60 CHAPTER 1: FORESTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
(Scherr, White, and Kaimowitz 2003). This note focuses on markets for low-income producers. SELECTED READINGS Angelsen, A., and S. Wunder. 2003. “Exploring the Forest- Poverty Link: Key Concepts, Issues and Research Implications.” CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 40, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. FAO. 2006. Microfinance and Forest-Based Small-Scale Enterprise. FAO: Rome. Pfund, J.-L., and P. Robinson, eds. 2006. “Non-Timber Forest Products between Poverty Alleviation and Market Forces.” Intercooperation, Bern, Switzerland. Scherr, S., A. White, and D. Kaimowitz. 2004. “A New Agenda for Forest Conservation and Poverty Reduction: Making Markets Work for Low-Income Producers.” Forest Trends, Washington, DC. Schreckenberg, K., E. Marshall, A. Newton, W. D. te Velde, J. Rushton, and E. Fabrice. 2006. “Commercialisation of Non-Timber Forest Products: What Determines Success?” ODI Forestry Briefing, Number 10, Overseas Development Institute, London. Shanley, P., A. Pierce, and S. A. Laird. 2005. “Beyond Timber: Certification of Non-Timber Forest Products.” Forest Trends, Washington, DC. Sunderlin, W. D., A. Angelsen, and S. Wunder. 2003. “Forests and Poverty Alleviation.” In State of the World’s Forests 2003, 61–73. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. World Bank, Carbon Finance Unit. n.d. Operations Handbook (online). http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm? Page=DocLib&ht=34&dl=1. REFERENCES CITED Brown, D., K. Schreckenberg, G. Shepherd, and A. Wells. 2002. “Forestry as an Entry Point for Governance Reform.” ODI Forestry Briefing No. 1, Overseas Development Institute, London. Campbell, B., P. Frost, G. Kokwe, G. le Breton, S. Shackleton, and D. Tiveau. 2004. “Making Dry Forests Work for the Poor in Africa: Building on Success.” Forest Livelihood Briefs, Number 3, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Dürr, C. 2002 “The Contribution of Forests and Trees to Poverty Alleviation.” Series IC No. 3, Intercooperation, Bern, Switzerland. Molnar, A., M. Liddle, C. Bracer, A. Khare, A. White, and J. Bull. 2006. “Community-Based Forest Enterprises in Tropical Forest Countries: Status and Potential.” Report to the ITTO. Forest Trends/Rights and Resources Group, Washington, DC. Scherr, S., A. White, and D. Kaimowitz. 2003. “Making Markets Work for Forest Communities.” International Forestry Review 5 (1):67–73. ———. 2004. “A New Agenda for Forest Conservation and Poverty Reduction: Making Markets Work for Low- Income Producers.” Forest Trends, Washington, DC. Sunderlin, W. D., S. Dewi, and A. Puntodewo. 2006.“Forests, Poverty, and Poverty Alleviation Policies.” Background paper. World Bank, Washington, DC. USAID, with CIFOR, Winrock International, WRI, and IRG. 2004. Nature, Wealth, and Power: Emerging Best Practice for Revitalizing Rural Africa. Washington, DC: USAID. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Note 1.2: Community-Based Forest Management Note 1.3: Indigenous Peoples and Forests Note 1.4: Property and Access Rights Note 2.1: Community-Private Partnerships Note 2.2: Small and Medium Enterprises Note 2.3: Innovative Marketing Arrangements for Environmental Services Chapter 3: Meeting the Growing Demand for Forest Products Note 3.2: Forest Certification Systems NOTE 1.5: MAKING MARKETS WORK FOR THE FOREST-DEPENDENT POOR 61
Page 1 and 2:
INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 9 and 10: Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
Page 11 and 12: management and biodiversity conserv
Page 13: PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
Page 16 and 17: Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
Page 18 and 19: harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21: forest management and ownership hav
Page 22 and 23: Institutional development of capaci
Page 24 and 25: Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
Page 26 and 27: Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
Page 28 and 29: Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
Page 30 and 31: NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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Page 34 and 35: Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
Page 36 and 37: Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
Page 38 and 39: World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
Page 40 and 41: [Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
Page 42 and 43: inappropriate. Thus, development pr
Page 44 and 45: nity territory into individual plot
Page 46 and 47: LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 48 and 49: Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
Page 50 and 51: In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55: Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57: NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
Page 58 and 59: ■ environmental groups to produce
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76: community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78: NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
Page 79 and 80: must be distinguished from products
Page 81 and 82: overregulation falls most heavily o
Page 83 and 84: da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
Page 85 and 86: NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90: payments for reforestation can enco
Page 91: Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
Page 94 and 95: Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97: Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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Page 100 and 101: operations (such as community-based
Page 102 and 103: also needs to be extended in many c
Page 104 and 105: NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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Page 108 and 109: Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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