Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector Policy Paper. Report No. 11021. Washington, DC. ———. 2002. Project Appraisal Document, Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project (P073094). Report No. 24184. World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2005. “Unlocking Opportunities for Forest- Dependent People in India.” Sector Report No. 34481, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank OED (Operations Evaluation Department). 2000. Cameroon: Forest Sector Development in a Difficult Political Economy. Washington, DC: World Bank. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Note 1.1: Mainstreaming the Role of Forests in Poverty Alleviation: Measuring Poverty-Forest Linkages Note 1.3: Indigenous Peoples and Forests Note 1.4: Property and Access Rights Note 1.5: Making Markets Work for the Forest-Dependent Poor Note 5.1: Decentralized Forest Management 38 CHAPTER 1: FORESTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
NOTE 1.3 Indigenous Peoples and Forests It is estimated that worldwide 60 million Indigenous Peoples are highly dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods. Forests and other natural resources are the foundation for most Indigenous Peoples’ livelihoods, social organization, identities, and cultural survival, which are based on a strong and deeply rooted historic relationship with their ancestral lands and natural resources. This relationship has cultural, socioeconomic, and spiritual dimensions and has influenced customary institutions and practices for managing land and resources. The identities and cultures of Indigenous Peoples are inextricably linked to the lands on which they live and the natural resources on which they depend. This deeply rooted link informs their livelihoods, social organization, identities, and cultural survival. It also informs their perceptions of poverty, well-being, and “the good life,” which often differ from those of mainstream society as well as of other rural communities. Their patterns of land use and relationship with land and resources may also translate into different goals and models for development—for example, developers may want to extract natural resources for economic gain, while indigenous communities may want to leave the environment and resources intact, providing them with their livelihoods and spiritual links to their ancestors. Indigenous Peoples have specific rights relevant for forest-based projects. The rights and concerns of Indigenous Peoples have been internationally recognized, foremost through International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169. The convention affirms the way of life of indigenous and tribal peoples, recognizes the need to safeguard their customary rights to land and natural resources, and stresses that they should benefit equally from economic and social development and that they and their traditional organizations should be closely involved in the planning and implementation of development projects that affect them. Specifically concerning biodiversity and sustainable natural resource management, Agenda 21, adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, as well as the Rio Declaration, recognize the actual and potential contributions of indigenous and tribal peoples to sustainable development. The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) calls on contracting parties to respect traditional indigenous knowledge with regard to the preservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use. The CBD has been a key vehicle for enhancing Indigenous Peoples’ rights to their resources and their participation in biodiversity conservation and management. Indigenous Peoples are represented in the Conference of Parties of the CBD, which recognizes traditional knowledge and cultural heritage as conservation values. In October 2007, the United Nations’ General Assembly adopted the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The declaration, while nonbinding, sets international standards for the protection and promotion of the individual and collective rights of Indigenous Peoples, including their rights to land and natural resources, and advocates a human rights–based approach to development as it applies to Indigenous Peoples. These and other international conventions and agreements, along with the World Bank’s Indigenous Peoples policy (OP 4.10), provide an important context for World Bank–assisted, forest-related projects affecting Indigenous Peoples. Through OP 4.10, the World Bank recognizes the rights of Indigenous Peoples as addressed in international and national law and agreements. The policy acknowledges the vital role that Indigenous Peoples play in sustainable development, and calls for special considerations when projects affect the close ties that they have to land, forests, water, wildlife, and other natural resources. Specifically for projects supporting parks and protected areas, the policy states that the World Bank “recognizes the significance of 39
Page 1 and 2: INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
Page 3 and 4: Forest law enforcement and governan
Page 5 and 6: ■ Protecting vital local and glob
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 9 and 10: Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
Page 11 and 12: management and biodiversity conserv
Page 13: PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
Page 16 and 17: Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
Page 18 and 19: harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21: forest management and ownership hav
Page 22 and 23: Institutional development of capaci
Page 24 and 25: Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
Page 26 and 27: Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
Page 28 and 29: Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
Page 30 and 31: NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
Page 32 and 33: the biophysical resource through fo
Page 34 and 35: Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
Page 36 and 37: Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
Page 40 and 41: [Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
Page 42 and 43: inappropriate. Thus, development pr
Page 44 and 45: nity territory into individual plot
Page 46 and 47: LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 48 and 49: Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
Page 50 and 51: In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55: Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57: NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
Page 58 and 59: ■ environmental groups to produce
Page 60 and 61: Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
Page 65 and 66: dred to tens of thousands of new jo
Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76: community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78: NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
Page 79 and 80: must be distinguished from products
Page 81 and 82: overregulation falls most heavily o
Page 83 and 84: da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
Page 85 and 86: NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90:
payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
Page 94 and 95:
Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97:
Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
Page 100 and 101:
operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
Page 104 and 105:
NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128:
Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
Page 139 and 140:
NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
Page 159 and 160:
NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
Page 163 and 164:
Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
Page 165 and 166:
Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
Page 169 and 170:
such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 274 and 275:
NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
Page 288 and 289:
forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
Page 292 and 293:
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
Page 294 and 295:
■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
Page 300 and 301:
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
Page 302 and 303:
Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
Page 308 and 309:
“no-project” option); and recom
Page 310 and 311:
Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
Page 312 and 313:
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
Page 341 and 342:
ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
Page 347 and 348:
CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
Page 349 and 350:
lack of opportunities relative to o
Page 351 and 352:
Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
Page 353 and 354:
ples receive social and economic be
Page 355 and 356:
Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
Page 366 and 367:
applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
Page 368 and 369:
strategic partnership, LFI example,
Page 372:
Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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