Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347 TOR development, 298–299 Operational Policy on Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10), 289, 347 consultation process, 352t objectives and requirements, 348–354 Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), 347 Operational Policy on Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), 289, 347 Operations Management Module, 264b Orissa CEA, 239 outcome assessment tracking, 142b outgrower contracts, 66, 71b, 71t, 120 ownership, 222, 227 P Pangi Valley, 60b participation strategy, 300, 302b Participatory Microcatchment (MC) Planning Approach, 136b participatory rural appraisal, 301b partnerships, 10, 73, 100. See also community-company partnerships future possibilities, 74–75 Indigenous Peoples, 44–45 models, 66, 73 Southern Africa, 59b Payments for Environmental Services (PES), 85–86, 85f, 247 design steps, 86–89 identification of services and monitoring, 90 institutional framework, 89, 90f perverse incentives, 89, 90b projects, 87t PEAP. See Poverty Eradication Action Plan performance framework, 19 Peru, 72b Pest Management Policy, 289 PF. See Process Framework physical capital, 140b Physical Cultural Resources Policy (OP 4.11), 289, 347 physical infrastructure database, 264b PhytoTrade Africa, 59b pilot projects, 51 plans, policies, and programs (PPPs), 240, 241, 245 plantation forests, 3–4, 68n, 96, 97f costs and technical capacity, 119–120 development, 101–102, 120 environmental and social impacts, 117 exotic, 118 failure and success rate, 102n Ghana, 223b incentives, 99 investment, 11n minimizing negative impacts, 102 OP on Forests, 293 species selection, 118, 120 threats to, 119 to meet growing wood demands, 98 versus natural forests, 118 plug-n-play principle, 269n plywood, 94b policy, 73, 99, 205, 206 evolution of instruments, 207–208 integration, 203, 209–210 removal of barriers, 57, 57f policy loans, 221, 234. See also development policy loans Policy Reform Support Loans (PRSLs), 204b poor people, 15, 18b, 128b benefiting from markets, 23, 32–33, 49 population growth, 2, 96 population, by country, 96t Posada Amazonas Ecotourism, 72b postconflict countries, 167, 167b–168b forest law reform, 174b poverty, 15b, 27, 207 poverty and social impact analysis (PSIA), 206b Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), 215b poverty impact analysis, 306, 307b poverty reduction, 3, 16–17, 18, 22–23, 26–27, 77 and conservation, 23 CBFM, 30 China project, 18b fiscal policy impacts, 184 forestry project, 19b institutional capacity, 21–22 not in national-level strategies, 25 performance framework, 19 upstream forest activities’ impact, 68n World Bank Forests Strategy, 4–5, 9 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), 22, 28, 54 Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC), 223b, 226b poverty-forest linkages, 17b, 25, 27b, 215b data for forest significance index, 230 Poverty-Forest Linkages Toolkit, 25–26, 26b, 27b power, curbing, 174 PPPs. See plans, policies, and programs price change analysis, 237 private property rights, 51b private sector, 20, 65, 66 investment, 3, 11n, 68n SFM, 63 to generate benefits for forest users, 67–68 problem solving, 328t Process Framework (PF), 303b–304b processing capacity, reducing, 99 procurement policy improvement, 102, 102n PRODES, 251b producer organizations, 58 production, 3–4, 104 Program on Forests (PROFOR), 65 Programmatic Development Policy Credits, 210b Project Appraisal Document, 354 Project for Conservation and Sustainable Management of Forest Resources (PROCYMAF), 36b, 47b project implementation, 354–355 property rights, 49, 51b, 52. See also forest ownership; tenure devolution of, 32, 50 366 INDEX
Indigenous Peoples, 44 land administration, 19–20 protected areas, 4, 97f, 112n categories of, 316n conservation offsets, 314–315 establishing new area, 315b existing and proposed, 296–297 identification of, 104 multiple uses of, 315–316 PRSC. See Poverty Reduction Support Credit PRSLs. See Policy Reform Support Loans PRSPs. See Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers PSIA. See poverty and social impact analysis public involvement, 328t public voice, listening to, 327t pulp and paper, 95b pulp mills, 119 purchase agreements, 72b Q quantitative analysis, 308b Quickbird, 279b, 280t R Rainforest Alliance, 56 Rainforest Expeditions, 72b rapid CEAs (RCEAs), 209, 210b, 239 real exchange rate depreciation, 203 reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD), 4, 157b, 247, 274 baseline determination, 250–251, 252 reform, 49, 167, 174, 226 agrarian, 208b entry points, 152f harmonization, 222 macroeconomic, 207, 231–232, 231t tenure, 52, 53b Regional Silvopastoral Project, 90b regulator framework and crime prevention, 192 Remote Sensing (RS) technology, 251b, 254, 274 cost and quality of, 279 data availability, 274 real time monitoring, 279b requirements, 276 rent capture, 180, 181b reporting requirements, nationally and internationally, 252 research methods, improvement of, 234 resource rights, distribution and devolution of, 32 resource user associations, 19b resources, wild, 15 results chains, 146b, 147, 147f, 148b revenue sharing, 184–186 risk management, 331b risk mitigation, 67, 74, 75 risks for development agencies, 196 roundwood, 1, 94b royalties, 188, 189 royalty payments, 182 S sales contracts, 66, 71t Santa Catarina Natural Resource Management and Rural Poverty Reduction Project, 42b SAR. See South Asia Region satellites for forest monitoring, 279b, 280t sawnwood, 94b SEA. See Strategic Environmental Assessment sector analysis for investment and lending, 41 service delivery, 171b Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 168b SIVAM-SIPAM, 251b small and medium forest enterprises (SMFEs), 20, 66, 77, 78, 81 attracting investment and negotiating deals, 79 Brazil, 67b bureaucracy, 81b extension networks, 81b importance of understanding context, 80 lack of information and market monopolies, 79 lack of management capacity, 77, 80 negotiating capacity, 79b program feasibility checklist, 84 supporting local sovereignty, 78, 78b smallholders, 115, 116, 298 extension programs, 121 incentives for, 100 OP on Forests, 294 Smartwood, 111 Social Assessment (SA), 299, 301, 304 for Indigenous Peoples, 348–349, 350b social capital, 140b social impact report, 302b social inclusion, plantations, 119 social responsibility contracts, 66, 71t, 72b social safeguards, 316 social welfare, SMFEs, 78 socioeconomic analysis, 299 South America, 255t South Asia Region (SAR), 8, 8f, 9f, 11 Southeast Asia and the Pacific, forestry models, 31b Southern African Natural Products Trade Association, 59b spatial monitoring, 274, 275, 276 specialization, 79 SSA. See Sub-Saharan Africa stakeholder analysis, 43, 299, 320–321 stakeholder consultation, 320–321 stakeholder participation, 97, 302b legal reform, 176–177 OP on Forests, 298 to support FLEG, 194–195 State Environment Foundation of Mato Grosso (FEMA/MT), 251b Stool of the Omanhene, Ghana, 72b Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), 209, 240–242, 240b and development alternatives, 244 Cameroon, 242b institution-centered, 243b, 245 and impact-centered, 241–242 INDEX 367
Page 1 and 2:
INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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Page 319 and 320: CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
Page 321 and 322: media, NGOs, other interest groups,
Page 323 and 324: Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
Page 325 and 326: Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
Page 327 and 328: Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
Page 329 and 330: ■ - Preliminary research should i
Page 331 and 332: Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
Page 333 and 334: Bank project cycle related to Commu
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
Page 337 and 338: carried out under a specific certif
Page 339 and 340: once more practical experience has
Page 341 and 342: ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
Page 343 and 344: ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
Page 347 and 348: CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
Page 349 and 350: lack of opportunities relative to o
Page 351 and 352: Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
Page 353 and 354: ples receive social and economic be
Page 355 and 356: Bank’s supervision team must incl
Page 357: ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
Page 360 and 361: forest monitoring, 275b social and
Page 362 and 363: FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
Page 364 and 365: and forest certification, 335 toolk
Page 368 and 369: strategic partnership, LFI example,
Page 372: Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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