Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector Monitoring and Assessment Process Forest & Environment Sector Program (FESP), 242b Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), 4, 45 forest certification, 45, 99, 102, 113 assessment systems, 336–338 identification of noncomformance, 339 TOR model, 341, 343 barriers to, 114–115 by third party, 337 components of, 336 conformity assessment, 113 development of, 115–116 HCVF, 105 independent, 99–100 reasons for using, 114 transparency and fairness of decisions, 337 Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG), 335–339 forest charges, 181–182, 187–188 forest communities, impact of development projects, 49 forest crime, 153, 157, 189. See also illegal logging and corruption, 190f and enforcement, 178 causes of, 190–192, 198 and responses, 199 detection of, 193 failures of law and implementation, 195–196 fighting, 192, 194–195 institutional structures and incentives for prevention, 192–193 national and international actions to control, 191f recommended actions for international community, 196 suppression of, 193–194 forest degradation, 85, 157b forest dependence, lack of data, 208 forest enterprise associations, 79, 80, 80b forest enterprises, developing, 58–59 forest functions, 130n forest governance, 10, 19, 73, 151–155, 157n and forest crime, 195 and natural resources, 31–32 and REDD, 157b entry points to reform process, 152f FLEG and broader reforms, 155b limiting power, 174 forest income, 16 forest institutions, functions of, 166b forest interventions, tenure, 54 forest inventories, 249, 264b. See also national forest inventories forest investment, 65, 67 Forest Land Information Module, 264b Forest Law and Sustainable Development: Addressing Contemporary Challenges Through Legal Reform, 173 Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG), 153, 154b, 154t, 155b, 194–195 Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT), 153 forest law enforcement, improving, 156 forest laws, 173–174, 174b, 179. See also laws potential issues for advisors, 178 reflecting current values, 176 forest management, 4, 93. See also forest certification; sustainable forest management community participation, 3, 3f conflict of interest, 169b decentralization of, 156, 159, 171, 178 advantages and dangers, 160t and CBFM, 35–36 and outcomes and risks, 159 balance at each level, 162 bureaucratic resistance and lack of capacity, 164 context and legal framework, 161 depletion of resources incentives, 163 elite capture possibility, 33b fiscal systems, 182b Indonesia, 161b Mexico, 208b outcomes, risks, and obstacles, 159 to communities, 32b, 36b to SMFEs, 79–80 incentives, 99 increasing wood supply, 96 mismanagement, 3 models, 57 performance information, 113 public and private, 178 reform, 49 separating administrative and management functions, 169, 169b services, 166b standards, 338 strategic planning, 243b technical capacity, 101–102 threats to sustainability, 98 use of complex plans, 33–34 use of DPLs, 224b–225b forest margins, 129b forest monitoring, 250, 276–277, 278 Cameroon and Indonesia, 275b costs and indicators, 254–255 demand for, 274 recommendations for, 279 satellites, 280t selection approach and tools, 277b–278b forest monitoring information system (FMIS), 266b, 273 architecture, 263, 264b–265b consulting and software firms, 268b implementation, 265–267, 271 model TOR, 270–273 plug-n-play principle, 269n process and reporting arrangements, 272–273 technology, 266–267 turnkey approach, 267, 268b, 269n Working Group, 266b workshops and design phase, 271, 272 forest ownership, 30, 32b, 50. See also property rights; tenure community, 3f, 56 forest producers, 56–58, 57f, 58b, 60, 67 362 INDEX
forest products, 1, 21, 63, 75, 187 China imports, 102n demand for, 93, 95b forest projects, 18, 37, 49, 320 Albania, 19b CBFM, 46–47 China and HCVF, 107b environmental classification of, 294–295 FLEG components, 154t IFC, 64, 64b, 64f implementation supervision, 296 incorporating indigenous knowledge, 353 India, 34b, 45b, 68n Indigenous Peoples, 40, 47, 348 lending, 7–9, 153–154 preparation and appraisal of, 295–296 PROCYMAF, 47b short-term equitable benefits, 45 Vietnam, 101b World Bank investment portfolio, 6–7, 7f Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Program, 253b Forest Resource Planning Module, 264b forest sector investment climate, 244b forest sector reviews, 217b Forest Sector Support Program (FSSP), 218b forest significance index, 230 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 340n Principles and Criteria, Principle 9, 112n forest stratification, 259b forest surveillance, 114 Forest Survey of India (FSI), 250 forest survey, example of, 255t forest transition models, 264b forest user groups (FUGs), 33b forest values, global protection, 5 Forestry Sector Review, 30 forestry, community models, 31b forestry, pro-poor, 58b forests, 28, 85, 296. See also harvesting; High Conservation Value Forests; poverty-forest linkages access and use rights, 50–51 access control, 35 area by country, 96t balancing production with environmental services, 100 critical, 296, 310–314 cross-sectoral impacts, 4, 205, 214–215 dependence on, 15, 16, 26b, 27 different reforms, impacts of, 231t economic contribution of, 230 energy sector reform impacts, 213 fiscal reform impacts, 229f future scenario, 97, 97f government-owned operated as private, 268 income supporting war, 174b natural versus plantations, 118 not being used to potential, 1–4 outside influences, impact of, 205, 229, 234 policy impacts, 203 poverty reduction, 5, 22–23 China project, 18b national-level analysis, 26–27 protection through offsets, 314–316 secondary, 99 timber estimated remaining by country, 95t tropical, removal of investment constraints, 67 water services provided, 88t Forests Strategy, 4–6, 9–11, 123–124. See also Operational Policy on Forests multisectoral approach, 214 not addressing governance, 153 review of implementation, 11n Fourth National Community Forestry Workshop, 33b FSC. See Forest Stewardship Council FSI. See Forest Survey of India FSSP. See Forest Sector Support Program fuelwood, 96, 189, 206b consumption, by country, 96t FUGs. See forest user groups fungi, 119 G Gabon, 224b–225b, 227 Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, 251b, 255n, 265b, 276 Ghana, 223b, 240b Global Environment Facility (GEF), 12n, 314 forest lending, 7f, 8f PES, 86, 87t Global Forest and Trade Network (GFTN), 65, 101b Global Forest Partnership, 10 Global Forest Target, 108b Global HCVF Toolkit, 110 Global Positioning System (GPS), 251b, 276b Global Vision for Forest 2050 Project, 97, 97f Good Practices Note, 294 government commitment to reform, 66 government policy coherence, 75 groundtruthing, 279 growth and yield models, 264b GTA. See Amazon Working Group Guatemala, 79b, 148b Guyana, 78, 81b H harmonization, 19, 222–223 harvesting, 293, 335 harvesting schedule module, 264b health reform, 231t heuristic tools, 237 High Conservation Value (HCV), 104–112, 297 country-level adaptations, 109b identification information sources, 109b identifying, 106–107, 107b, 107f types of, 105b High Conservation Value (HCV) Resource Network, 110 High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF), 104–112, 314 INDEX 363
Page 1 and 2:
INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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Page 314 and 315: the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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Page 319 and 320: CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
Page 321 and 322: media, NGOs, other interest groups,
Page 323 and 324: Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
Page 325 and 326: Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
Page 327 and 328: Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
Page 329 and 330: ■ - Preliminary research should i
Page 331 and 332: Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
Page 333 and 334: Bank project cycle related to Commu
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
Page 337 and 338: carried out under a specific certif
Page 339 and 340: once more practical experience has
Page 341 and 342: ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
Page 343 and 344: ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
Page 347 and 348: CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
Page 349 and 350: lack of opportunities relative to o
Page 351 and 352: Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
Page 353 and 354: ples receive social and economic be
Page 355 and 356: Bank’s supervision team must incl
Page 357: ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
Page 360 and 361: forest monitoring, 275b social and
Page 364 and 365: and forest certification, 335 toolk
Page 366 and 367: applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
Page 368 and 369: strategic partnership, LFI example,
Page 372: Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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