Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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forest monitoring, 275b social and environmental impacts study, 242b capacity building, 75, 176, 193 environmental assessment, 67–68 for data collection, 249–250 forest certification systems, 115, 116 SMFEs, 79, 79b carbon financing, 120 carbon sequestration, 85, 86, 117 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 277b CARPE, 137n case studies, as analytical tool, 233t CASs. See Country Assistance Strategies causality, 229 CBD. See Convention on Biological Diversity CBFM. See community-based forest management CEA. See Country Environmental Analysis Ceara Integrated Water Resources Management Project, Brazil, 314 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 275b CFEs. See Community Forest Enterprises chain-of-custody certification, 102, 102n, 114, 116n, 174b change management, 169–170 charges, 181–182, 187–188 Chile, 120 China, 18b, 31b, 107b forest product imports, 93, 102n Citizen Report Card (CRC), 171 climate change, 96 clusters matrix analysis, 301b Colombia Natural Resource Management (NRM) Program, 46 commercial development and Indigenous Peoples, 353 commercial outputs, 17b common property rights, 51b communication, 319, 325b and strategy, 323, 325–326, 329 Cambodia example, 322b, 331b checklist for managers, 332–333 implementation plan, 329, 331b community empowerment, 74 Community Forest Enterprises (CFE), 208b community forestry models, 31b community forestry projects, PROCYMAF, 47b community forestry, distinguishing from industrial, 298 community networks, supporting, 75 community ownership of forests, 3f, 56 community participation, 42, 97, 119 and benefit sharing in Ghana, 243b–244b control over access, 35 decentralization of forest management, 159, 162 forest landscape planning, 133 forest management, 3, 3f OP on Forests, 298 community rights, 50 community tenure, 30, 53b, 54b community-based forest management (CBFM), 20, 22, 34–35, 100 and poverty reduction, 30 elements of, 36–37 India, 45b indigenous knowledge, 45 Latin America, 101b project examples, 46–47 community-company partnerships, 20, 71, 100 bargaining power, 74 important conditions, 73 models by goods and services, 71t competition, unfair due to illegal logging, 189 conceptual model, 145b conditionality, 222b Conditionality Review, 222 conflict. See postconflict countries conflict of interest, 169b conflict, resolving, 174b Congo Basin Forests, 137n Congo, Democratic Republic of, 323b consensus building, 328t conservation, 10, 23, 125 and forest significance index, 230 coexistence with production, 3–4, 104 community agreement with industry, 102 conservation offsets, 314–316 consultation, 319–320, 321b, 325b at various stages of EA project, 326b Cambodia example, 322b Democratic Republic of Congo example, 323b LFI example, 320b planning tasks, 322–323 process, 321–322 with Indigenous Peoples, 349–351, 351b, 352t contracts, 66, 73, 100 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 39 conversion of forest, 2, 94f, 106. See also deforestation significance of, 297–298 corruption, 151, 154, 190, 191b and forest crime, 190f cost estimates, 306 cost-benefit analysis, 305b, 306 Costa Rica, 86 Country Assistance Strategies (CASs), 153 Country Environmental Analysis (CEA), 209, 238, 242, 244 building blocks, 239, 239f Ghana, 240b country identification of important forests, 230 CRC. See Citizen Report Card Creative Oils, 59b Criteria and Indicators processes, 253b cross-sectoral impacts, 98, 208, 209, 232 identifying links with policy, 234 tools for assessing, 232, 236, 237 cross-sectoral mainstreaming of forest issues, 214–215 cross-sectoral outcomes, 205 cultural importance, 17b customary rights, 51b 360 INDEX
D dam safety, 290 data, 27, 111, 182b, 248 interpretation for forest inventories, 260 lack of, 208, 229, 233–234 data collection, 28b, 261b, 355 de jure and de facto rights, 51b decision-making environment, 248 deforestation, 2, 94f, 124, 157b. See also conversion of forests avoided, 4 causes of, 2f, 206–207 deforestation maps, 251b, 277b, 278b deforestation rate, 94, 252 degradation, significance of, 297–298 deregulation, 57 design document, 265–266 development, 5, 39 development policy loans (DPLs), 6, 65, 207 conditions, 222b, 223b, 227 prioritization of actions, 223, 225 country identification, 209 cross-sectoral impacts, 232 dialogue requirement, 226–227 flexibility and suitability, 225b Gabon and Cameroon, 224b–225b impact on natural resources requirement, 238 Lao PDR, 226b portfolio of, 203–204, 205 rapid assessment toolkit, 234n watch list, 210 development policy, integration with forest policy, 209–210 development projects, 49 directories and databases of critical habitats, 313 displacement, 183 donor engagement, 18–19 due diligence, 209 Dutch disease, 210n–211n E EA. See Environmental Assessment EAP. See Environmental Assessment Policy East Asia and Pacific, 8 ECA. See Europe and Central Asia econometric modeling, 233t economic activities, impact on forests, 229, 234 economic and financial analysis, 304–307 economic development, forest integration, 5 economic growth, role of natural resources, 31–32 economic impacts on forest stakeholders, 126 economic monitoring, 307b economic reliance on wood, 93 economy, contribution of forests, 230 ecosystem services, 54, 72b, 141b education reform, 231t elite capture, 33b employment, forest-related, 16 enabling environment, 65–66 energy sector reform, 206b, 213, 231t, 248b Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), 311b Environmental Assessment (EA), 307–310, 321b consultations, 298, 326b identifying forests and habitats, 310–314 Environmental Assessment Policy (EAP), 8f, 9f, 288, 293 Forests Strategy, 10–11 Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, 351 environmental classification of projects, 294–295 Environmental Control System on Rural Properties, 251b environmental impact assessment (EIA), 240 environmental impacts, assessing and mitigating, 310b Environmental Management Framework (EMF), 309, 309b Environmental Management Plan (EMP), 310b, 321b environmental protection, 178. See also protected areas environmental services, 67, 86–87, 88 environmental services payments, 10, 23. See also Payments for Environmental Services approach estimation costs, 260b estimation methods, 259b Europe, 255t Europe and Central Asia (ECA), 7, 8f, 9f, 11 European Union (EU) Regulation and Action Plan on Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT), 153 evaluation. See monitoring exotics, 118 expert panel for analysis, 233t exports, charges on, 187 extension programs, 120 F FAO. See United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FCAG. See Forest Certification Assessment Guide FCPF. See Forest Carbon Partnership Facility feasibility studies, 37 fees, 188 FEMA/MT. See State Environment Foundation of Mato Grosso FESP. See Forest & Environment Sector Program Fiji, harvesting rights, 181b financial access through partnerships, 75 financial capital, 140b financial sector reform, impact on forests, 231t financing, 4, 67 fines, 188 fiscal impact analysis, 306, 307b fiscal incentives, 182–183 fiscal instruments, 180, 181, 185 administration of, 183–184 fiscal policy, 183, 185, 203 fiscal reform, impact on forests, 229f fiscal systems, 156, 181, 181b common problems, 180b, 182b summary of charges for forest sector, 187–188 Five Million Hectares Reforestation Project (5MHRP), 218b FLEG. See Forest Law Enforcement and Governance FLEGT. See Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade floating tranche, 227 FMIS. See Forest Monitoring and Information System INDEX 361
Page 1 and 2:
INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 9 and 10:
Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21:
forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
Page 24 and 25:
Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
Page 26 and 27:
Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
Page 30 and 31:
NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
Page 310 and 311: Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
Page 312 and 313: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 314 and 315: the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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Page 319 and 320: CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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Page 323 and 324: Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
Page 325 and 326: Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
Page 327 and 328: Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
Page 329 and 330: ■ - Preliminary research should i
Page 331 and 332: Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
Page 333 and 334: Bank project cycle related to Commu
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
Page 337 and 338: carried out under a specific certif
Page 339 and 340: once more practical experience has
Page 341 and 342: ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
Page 343 and 344: ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
Page 347 and 348: CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
Page 349 and 350: lack of opportunities relative to o
Page 351 and 352: Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
Page 353 and 354: ples receive social and economic be
Page 355 and 356: Bank’s supervision team must incl
Page 357: ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
Page 362 and 363: FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
Page 364 and 365: and forest certification, 335 toolk
Page 366 and 367: applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
Page 368 and 369: strategic partnership, LFI example,
Page 372: Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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