Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools for Gathering Information at the Village or Community Level 1. Wealth Ranking (village leadership). Aim: to select participants who are representative of the local population for the Toolkit exercises 2. Local Landscape Situation Analysis (toolkit team plus selected villagers) Aim: to understand the way in which local resources are used by members of the village. 3. Timeline and Trends (village plenary) Aim: to record a short history of the community against which to project a picture of changes in forest resources, in agriculture, in local livelihood strategies and sources of income. This tool can also be used at the district and national levels. 4. Livelihood Analysis (in groups selected by gender and wealth category) Aim: to discover the extent of cash and subsistence reliance on forest resources and the proportion of the total annual livelihood (from all sources) from forest resources. This tool can also be used at the district and national levels. 5. Tree and Forest Product Importance (in groups selected by gender and wealth category) Aim: to rank forest products by importance for cash and subsistence uses. This tool can also be used at the national level. If time is limited, information gained by the use of this tool can be deduced from tool 4. 6. Users, User Rights, User Responsibilities, and User Benefits (in groups selected by gender and wealth category) Aim: to have local people list all forest stakeholders, the benefits they derive from the forest, and the rights and responsibilities they exercise. 7. Forest Problem and Solution Matrix (in groups selected by gender and wealth category) Aim: to identify and rank the main forest problems, and suggest potential solutions. Problems include those related to policy, rules and regulations, tenure, and access. This tool can also be used at the district and national levels to focus on higherlevel issues. 8. Final Plenary Aim: to present the main findings from the subgroups in plenary so that key emerging issues can be summarized. Source: PROFOR forthcoming a. Note: People from whom information is sought are listed in parentheses. Box 1.7 Livelihood Analysis in Busongo,Tanzania Livelihood analysis can be used to discover the extent of reliance on forest resources and the proportion of their contribution to annual cash and noncash incomes. In groups selected by gender and wealth category, participants are asked to distribute beans or stones across a list of forest products (for example, gum, charcoal, timber), allocating more where cash income sources are more important. The exercise is repeated for farm produce (crops and livestock), other sources, such as petty trade, and for noncash income sources. Participants are then asked to list sources of cash for different kinds of expenditures and identify whether the forest is used for investment. This exercise can show forest contributions to the achievement of the MDGs. For example, in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger (goal 1), villagers in Busongo cite 20–29 percent of livelihoods comes from forest contributions and that charcoal, fuelwood, ghee and milk, livestock, gum, thatch, and fodder grass contribute directly and indirectly to the meeting of these goals. Source: PROFOR forthcoming b. 28 CHAPTER 1: FORESTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
Box 1.8 Identifying Opportunities for Getting Poverty-Forest Linkages into Data-Collection Systems: Example from Tanzania To effectively integrate forest-poverty information into PRSPs, it is useful to be familiar with the poverty analysis process used in PRSPs (available in the Poverty Reduction Strategies Sourcebook). A variety of opportunities for including the contribution of forests to livelihoods in current data gathering may present themselves. In Tanzania, the staff of the Ministry of Planning and Empowerment were convinced by the toolkit-produced data that forestry should be included in the Household Budget Survey. Source: PROFOR forthcoming b. against the forest-dependent rural poor. A lack of understanding of the scale and scope of forest dependence can result in governments giving private companies and large farmers preferential access to publicly owned forest resources, conservation policies that deprive poor families access to forest resources, or governments expropriating villagers’ rights over local forests. Communities often invest the income generated from formal and informal uses of forest resources. Detailed information on forest resource use and how it is invested can provide insight into community priorities (for example, in Busongo, Tanzania, communities used cash revenue from forest resources, including gum and charcoal, to help primary-age children access schools, and village forests were used to construct staff housing and extra classrooms for primary schools). When proposing a forest-related action in a PRSP, it is important to have a clear rationale for selecting the action as a priority. Integration of forest issues into PRSPs will require a quantitative causal link between forests and poverty. It is therefore crucial to include important forest environmental income sources in poverty assessments and PRSPs. SELECTED READINGS CIFOR. Poverty Environment Network. http://www.cifor .cgiar.org/pen/. Hudson, J. 2005. “Forestry’s Contribution to Poverty Reduction and Trends in Development Assistance. International Forestry Review 7 (2):156–60. Klugman, J. 2002. “Overview.” In J. Klugman, ed. A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://go.worldbank.org/TL225F9JC0. Vedeld, P., A. Angelsen, E. Sjaastad, and G. K. Berg. 2004. “Counting on the Environment. Forest Incomes and the Rural Poor.” Environmental Economics Series Paper No. 98, World Bank, Washington, DC. REFERENCES CITED Chomitz, K. M., P. Buys, G. De Luca, T. S. Thomas, and S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff. 2006. At Loggerheads? Agricultural Expansion, Poverty Reduction and Environment in the Tropical Forests. World Bank: Washington, DC. Klugman, J., ed. 2002. A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://go .worldbank.org/3I8LYLXO80. PROFOR. Forthcoming a. “Poverty-Forest Linkages Toolkit.” PROFOR, World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. Forthcoming b. “Poverty Forest Linkages: Synthesis Report and Case Studies.” PROFOR, World Bank, Washington, DC. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Note 6.1: Using National Forest Programs to Mainstream Forest Issues NOTE 1.1: MAINSTREAMING THE ROLE OF FORESTS IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION: MEASURING POVERTY-FOREST LINKAGES 29
Page 1 and 2: INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
Page 3 and 4: Forest law enforcement and governan
Page 5 and 6: ■ Protecting vital local and glob
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 9 and 10: Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
Page 11 and 12: management and biodiversity conserv
Page 13: PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
Page 16 and 17: Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
Page 18 and 19: harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21: forest management and ownership hav
Page 22 and 23: Institutional development of capaci
Page 24 and 25: Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
Page 26 and 27: Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
Page 30 and 31: NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
Page 32 and 33: the biophysical resource through fo
Page 34 and 35: Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
Page 36 and 37: Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
Page 38 and 39: World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
Page 40 and 41: [Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
Page 42 and 43: inappropriate. Thus, development pr
Page 44 and 45: nity territory into individual plot
Page 46 and 47: LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 48 and 49: Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
Page 50 and 51: In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55: Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57: NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
Page 58 and 59: ■ environmental groups to produce
Page 60 and 61: Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
Page 65 and 66: dred to tens of thousands of new jo
Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76: community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78: NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
Page 368 and 369:
strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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