Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate Approach and Tools (continued) Deforestation (1997–2000) Selective logging (1999–2000) Source: Asner and others 2006 (copyright 2006 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.). Note: This program is coordinated by Gregory P. Asner, Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, USA. This program required about US$2.5 million to develop the areas of signal processing, super-computing, canopy physics, and field ecology necessary to make such monitoring feasible. Spatial and temporal scale. Forest monitoring using RS/GIS can be carried out on different spatial and temporal scales depending on the features of interest for monitoring and the goal of the monitoring exercise. Forest monitoring using RS/GIS can include clear cuts, intensive selective logging, log yards, fires, road building, habitat fragmentation, biomass, and productivity. The monitoring of these features often requires different time steps and detail. A national overview of deforestation usually requires a one to five year time frame, while monitoring of fires in national parks may need more frequent updates (several satellites can detect fires in the forests, see box 7.20). Forest monitoring methods. A number of different applications and methods for forest monitoring exist, and the choice of which to use will depend on the purpose of the monitoring and the desired spatial and temporal scales. Table 7.4 lists the existing satellite remote sensors, and their applications and limitations for specific purposes. Table 7.5 lists currently available global forest maps. An emerging RS/GIS application that merits special consideration is the MODIS-derived data set of percentage of tree coverage, produced by researchers at the University of Maryland and South Dakota State University. The new maps, based on the MODIS sensor operated by NASA, provide a consistent overview of the global distribution of percentage of tree coverage in a continuous gradient (0 to 100 percent). This allows flexibility so that the gradient can be adapted to different forest definitions. The MODIS satellite provides free global data coverage daily, allowing information to be compiled and processed in a relatively speedy manner. The speed of data availability, the relative low cost, and the flexibility to adapt to different forest definitions offer huge opportunities for international and global forest monitoring efforts. 278 CHAPTER 7: MONITORING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT
Box 7.20 Using Remote Sensing for Real-Time Monitoring Annual, and even quarterly, large-scale assessments are very possible using satellite data, if the imagery is being collected. However, there is no guarantee that the necessary imagery is being collected. The spatial resolution of MODIS is not high enough to be of real value—too much forest area needs to be cleared for it to be recognized by the free MODIS data. Landsat-like sensors, or better, are needed. Next-generation techniques and technologies are being developed. Weekly or monthly assessments require a very specialized satellite capability (Quickbird imagery) or aircraft. Both are viable options with different budgetary implications: ■ ■ Quickbird satellite data are for smaller areas of forest (
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INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
Page 228 and 229: OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
Page 230 and 231: OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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Page 236 and 237: ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
Page 238 and 239: NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
Page 240 and 241: Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
Page 242 and 243: Considering the above issues, an in
Page 244 and 245: Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
Page 246 and 247: World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
Page 248 and 249: Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
Page 250 and 251: collected via remote sensing rather
Page 252 and 253: Discussions and proposals on how to
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Page 256 and 257: FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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Page 260 and 261: selecting the technology. Technolog
Page 262 and 263: USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
Page 264 and 265: Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
Page 266 and 267: Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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Page 270 and 271: ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
Page 272 and 273: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 274 and 275: NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
Page 276 and 277: ■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
Page 280 and 281: Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Page 285: PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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Page 294 and 295: ■ In the case of forest harvestin
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Page 298 and 299: However, some of the World Bank’s
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Page 304 and 305: Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
Page 306 and 307: Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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Page 310 and 311: Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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Page 314 and 315: the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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Page 319 and 320: CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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Page 323 and 324: Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
Page 325 and 326: Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
Page 327 and 328: Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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