Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Assessment (www.millenniumassessment.org). Another good framework, although still being piloted and not yet implemented at regional and global levels, is the “Manual for Environmental and Economic Accounts” (FAO 2004). Using existing and new methodologies. Advancements in methodology and technology are a constant phenomenon in forest monitoring, as evidenced by the advancements in remote sensing, a particularly useful tool for studying forest change comprehensively and uniformly across time and space. Remote sensing multiplies the value of field-plot data and permits complete, wall-to-wall analyses. Spatial images from Landsat have been a workhorse for scientists interested in measuring changes in the distribution and condition of forests. A number of satellites have come online since Landsat, several of which are useful for monitoring forests (USDA 2007). Other advancements in forest monitoring approaches have been based on imaging radar data, which works in all weather conditions. Methodological advancements, too, such as simplifying and automating mapping of forest disturbances (USDA 2007), have been important. Older technologies, such as mobile data loggers and mobile communication, could be more effectively used for monitoring forest activities. Mobile telephone communication can serve two purposes: It can increase the safety of field crews by giving them access to communication in cases of emergency, while also enabling online data entry to a central database. Advancements in software, such as GIS 2 , also offer many possibilities for presentation of results and improved access to information. The use of some of the newer technologies is not without shortcomings. For example, the availability of reference data for digital image analysis or visual interpretation is one of the key problems in remote sensing–aided surveys. The parameters that can be estimated using remote-sensing surveys often depend on the intensity of the field sampling. Area of forests, other wooded land, and other land types, as well as their changes, can be adequately measured with available remote sensing–aided surveys. In contrast, tree stem volume and biomass, which are critical variables in determining the status of the world’s forests, require thorough field measurements for their estimation. Such limitations are constantly being dealt with. Cost of monitoring. Cost is often an important driver in designing monitoring systems. A frequently asked question is when and whether satellite imagery–based forest cover mapping can substitute for forest inventory. Mapping studies cost less than field work (if the necessary hardware and software are available); need less planning, smaller teams, and less broad expertise; are partly independent of weather; and provide maps as the major product, which are usually more easily accepted and “marketed” than statistics and tables with error specifications. The type of analysis required often influences the cost. High-resolution images are notably more expensive than coarse images. Tomppo and Czaplewski (2002) estimated costs for remote sensing under different resolutions and sampling options for regional and global surveys using remote sensing and field data (see tables 7.2 and 7.3). The costs have since changed significantly, but this information provides an indication of the differences in costs. Selection of indicators. Assessing all benefits from forests over time is complicated, and only feasible if simplifications and approximations, such as indicators, are accepted. Several international processes have developed criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. Table 7.2 Example of Number of Images and Estimated Costs for a Remote-Sensing Survey with Different Resolution and Sampling Options Number of images needed Imaging cost (US$ thousand) MODIS Landsat Ikonos Ikonos Landsat Ikonos Ikonos full 10% 0.1% 1% 10% 0.1% 1% Region coverage coverage coverage coverage coverage coverage coverage Africa 6 97 331 3,309 58 951 8,992 Asia 6 100 343 3,428 60 986 9,315 Europe 4 73 251 2,511 44 722 6,824 North and Central America 4 69 237 2,374 42 683 6,453 Oceania 2 28 94 943 17 271 2,564 South America 3 57 195 1,950 34 561 5,299 Total 25 424 1,451 14,515 255 4,174 39,447 Source: Tomppo and Czaplewski 2002. Note: MODIS and Landsat are NASA satellite imaging programs; Ikonos is is a commercial Earth observation satellite. 254 CHAPTER 7: MONITORING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT
Table 7.3 An Example of the Number and Cost of Field Plots in a Global Survey Using Field Data Only Land area Forest area Field plot Number of Estimated costs Region (million ha) (million ha) area (ha) field plots (US$ thousand) Africa 2,978 650 13,692 69,221 30,457 Asia 3,085 548 28,540 30,010 13,205 Europe 2,260 1,039 28,268 44,751 19,690 North and Central America 2,137 549 27,814 27,421 12,065 Oceania 849 198 25,960 10,898 4,795 South America 1,755 886 21,648 49,035 21,575 Total 13,064 3,870 145,922 231,336 101,787 Source: Tomppo and Czaplewski 2002. The criteria express the objectives of forestry, as negotiated in political processes, but the identification of indicators for national-level performance in meeting the criteria is more difficult. Indicators are seldom optimal because they often need to be generated from a rapid process and, therefore, are identified based on the data that is available. Furthermore, indicators identified at an international level may not be considered equally valid or important among participating countries. This raises the need to agree on internationally accepted criteria, but also develop national indicators. FUTURE PRIORITIES AND SCALING-UP ACTIVITIES The following activities should be given priority: ■ ■ ■ ■ building capacity and investing in technology for effectively monitoring land-use change assistance in effectively measuring forest cover and carbon emissions at the project-intervention level and effective integration of this information into national accounting systems on carbon emissions supporting research to develop improved and affordable methodologies and technologies for national forest inventories supporting development and maintenance of national and regional networks of forest-related monitoring NOTES 1. The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), the UNFCCC, the CBD, CITES, the CMS, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), the UN Forum on Forests (UNFF), and the International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA). 2. A GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. See http://www.GIS.com. SELECTED READINGS FAO. 2005. “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005: Progress Towards Sustainable Forest Management.” FAO Forestry Paper 147, FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/ forestry/site/fra/en/. Lange, G.-M. 2004. “Manual for Environmental and Economic Accounts for Forestry: A Tool for Cross-Sectoral Policy Analysis.” Working Paper, FAO, Rome, Italy. http:// www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1972e/J1972E00.htm#TOC. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 2005. Revised ITTO Criteria and Indicators for the Sustainable Management of Tropical Forests Including Reporting Format. Yokohama, Japan: International Tropical Timber Organization. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/Live_Server/ 963/ps15e.pdf. Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE). 2002. “Improved Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management.” MCPFE, Vienna, Austria. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ pdf/mcpfeindic03.pdf/$FILE/mcpfeindic03.pdf. The Montréal Process. “Criteria and Indicators.” http:// www.mpci.org/criteria_e.html. REFERENCES CITED Braatz, S. 2002. “National Reporting to Forest-Related International Instruments: Mandates, Mechanisms, Overlaps and Potential Synergies.” Unasylva 53/No. 210 (Forest Assessment And Monitoring): 65–67. CHAPTER 7: MONITORING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT 255
Page 1 and 2:
INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
Page 3 and 4:
Forest law enforcement and governan
Page 5 and 6:
■ Protecting vital local and glob
Page 7 and 8:
Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 9 and 10:
Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
Page 11 and 12:
management and biodiversity conserv
Page 13:
PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
Page 16 and 17:
Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
Page 18 and 19:
harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21:
forest management and ownership hav
Page 22 and 23:
Institutional development of capaci
Page 24 and 25:
Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
Page 26 and 27:
Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
Page 28 and 29:
Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
Page 30 and 31:
NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
Page 32 and 33:
the biophysical resource through fo
Page 34 and 35:
Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
Page 36 and 37:
Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
Page 38 and 39:
World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
Page 40 and 41:
[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
Page 42 and 43:
inappropriate. Thus, development pr
Page 44 and 45:
nity territory into individual plot
Page 46 and 47:
LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 48 and 49:
Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
Page 50 and 51:
In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53:
Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55:
Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57:
NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
Page 58 and 59:
■ environmental groups to produce
Page 60 and 61:
Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
Page 63 and 64:
CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
Page 65 and 66:
dred to tens of thousands of new jo
Page 67 and 68:
Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70:
Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72:
NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74:
inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76:
community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78:
NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
Page 79 and 80:
must be distinguished from products
Page 81 and 82:
overregulation falls most heavily o
Page 83 and 84:
da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
Page 85 and 86:
NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90:
payments for reforestation can enco
Page 91:
Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
Page 94 and 95:
Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97:
Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
Page 98 and 99:
ered it important to have the World
Page 100 and 101:
operations (such as community-based
Page 102 and 103:
also needs to be extended in many c
Page 104 and 105:
NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
Page 106 and 107:
areas that can be used more intensi
Page 108 and 109:
Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
Page 110 and 111:
Finally, any existing protections,
Page 112 and 113:
However, these general rules are se
Page 114 and 115:
the origin of products from a certi
Page 116 and 117:
management practices in selected en
Page 118 and 119:
Reforms) provide the framework for
Page 120 and 121:
lenges to weak institutions, which
Page 123 and 124:
CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
Page 125 and 126:
People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128:
Encourage stakeholder participation
Page 129 and 130:
Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
Page 131 and 132:
Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
Page 133 and 134:
Identify planning team members and
Page 135 and 136:
Involve relevant stakeholders in de
Page 137 and 138:
needs of implementing partners and
Page 139 and 140:
NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
Page 141 and 142:
Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
Page 143 and 144:
NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
Page 145 and 146:
■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
Page 147 and 148:
Another important and useful proces
Page 149 and 150:
theless, it is never too late to st
Page 151 and 152:
CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
Page 153 and 154:
Improving forest governance and leg
Page 155 and 156:
tant part of the World Bank’s con
Page 157 and 158:
sector with broader governance and
Page 159 and 160:
NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
Page 161 and 162:
Assess the overall decentralization
Page 163 and 164:
Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
Page 165 and 166:
Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
Page 167 and 168:
■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
Page 169 and 170:
such as designing a transparent con
Page 171 and 172:
Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
Page 173 and 174:
NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
Page 175 and 176:
Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
Page 177 and 178:
In addition, the process of public
Page 179 and 180:
ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
Page 181 and 182:
forestry policy or to promote other
Page 183 and 184:
The most common fiscal incentives i
Page 185 and 186:
is reasonable to allow the administ
Page 187 and 188:
ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
Page 189 and 190:
NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
Page 191 and 192:
Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
Page 193 and 194:
■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
Page 195 and 196:
enterprises may be motivated to joi
Page 197 and 198:
NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
Page 199 and 200:
ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
Page 201:
Typical contexts Potential drivers
Page 204 and 205: Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
Page 206 and 207: Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
Page 208 and 209: Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
Page 210 and 211: Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
Page 212 and 213: ———. 2005. “Development Pol
Page 214 and 215: NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
Page 216 and 217: Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
Page 218 and 219: Implementation. The implementation
Page 220 and 221: allow for each country’s differen
Page 222 and 223: limited in the coverage and duratio
Page 224 and 225: Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
Page 226 and 227: Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
Page 228 and 229: OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
Page 230 and 231: OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
Page 232 and 233: orientation of the DPL operations c
Page 234 and 235: Indicators are helpful in these sit
Page 236 and 237: ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
Page 238 and 239: NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
Page 240 and 241: Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
Page 242 and 243: Considering the above issues, an in
Page 244 and 245: Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
Page 246 and 247: World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
Page 248 and 249: Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
Page 250 and 251: collected via remote sensing rather
Page 252 and 253: Discussions and proposals on how to
Page 256 and 257: FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
Page 258 and 259: ■ ■ ■ enables implementation
Page 260 and 261: selecting the technology. Technolog
Page 262 and 263: USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
Page 264 and 265: Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
Page 266 and 267: Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
Page 268 and 269: and client-rich system, which would
Page 270 and 271: ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
Page 272 and 273: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 274 and 275: NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
Page 276 and 277: ■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
Page 278 and 279: Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
Page 280 and 281: Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
Page 282 and 283: Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
Page 285: PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
Page 288 and 289: forestry activities was counterprod
Page 290 and 291: waterways, or the quantity or quali
Page 292 and 293: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
Page 294 and 295: ■ In the case of forest harvestin
Page 296 and 297: ■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
Page 298 and 299: However, some of the World Bank’s
Page 300 and 301: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
Page 302 and 303: Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
Page 304 and 305:
Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
Page 306 and 307:
Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
Page 308 and 309:
“no-project” option); and recom
Page 310 and 311:
Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
Page 312 and 313:
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 314 and 315:
the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
Page 316 and 317:
■ ■ management plan—prepared
Page 319 and 320:
CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
Page 321 and 322:
media, NGOs, other interest groups,
Page 323 and 324:
Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
Page 325 and 326:
Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
Page 327 and 328:
Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
Page 329 and 330:
■ - Preliminary research should i
Page 331 and 332:
Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
Page 333 and 334:
Bank project cycle related to Commu
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
Page 337 and 338:
carried out under a specific certif
Page 339 and 340:
once more practical experience has
Page 341 and 342:
ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
Page 343 and 344:
ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
Page 347 and 348:
CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
Page 349 and 350:
lack of opportunities relative to o
Page 351 and 352:
Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
Page 353 and 354:
ples receive social and economic be
Page 355 and 356:
Bank’s supervision team must incl
Page 357:
ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
Page 360 and 361:
forest monitoring, 275b social and
Page 362 and 363:
FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
Page 364 and 365:
and forest certification, 335 toolk
Page 366 and 367:
applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
Page 368 and 369:
strategic partnership, LFI example,
Page 372:
Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
show all

Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?