Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Simula. 2007. “The World Bank Forest Strategy: Review of Implementation.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, and M. Jaecky. 2006. Report of a meeting of participants of the UK Tropical Forest Forum on small enterprise development and forests. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 26 September 2006. IIED, London. Mallik, R. M. 2000. “Sustainable Management of Nontimber Forest Products in Orissa: Some Issues and Options.” Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 55 (3):383–97. Monela, G., S. Chamshama, R. Mwaipopo, and D. Gamassa. 2004. A Study on the Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Forest Landscape Restoration in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania. Draft. Dar-es-Salaam: The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division, and the World Conservation Union, Eastern Africa Regional Office. Ndoye, O., M. Ruiz Pérez, and A. Eyebe. 1999. “Non-wood Forest Products Markets and Potential Forest Resource Degradation in Central Africa.” In Current Research Issues and Prospects for Conservation, ed.T.C.H.Sunderland, L. E. Clark, and P. Vantomme, 183–206. Rome: FAO. Pinedo-Vasquez, M., D. J. Zarin, K. Coffey, C. Padoch, and F. Rabelo. 2001. “Post-Boom Logging in Amazonia.” Human Ecology 29 (2):219–39. Poschen, P., and M. Lougren. 2001. Globalization and Sustainability: The Forestry and Wood Industries on the Move. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting, “Social and Labour Dimensions of the Forestry and Wood Industries on the Move,” Geneva, Switzerland, International Labour Organization, September 17–21. World Bank. 2001. World Development Report: Attacking Poverty. World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank Carbon Finance Unit. n.d. Operations Handbook. http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Doc Lib&ht=34&dl=1. World Bank, Washington, DC. Vedeld, P., P. Angehen, E. Sjaastad, and G. K. Berg. 2004. “Counting on the Environment: Forest Incomes and the Rural Poor.” Environmental Economics Series, Paper No. 98, World Bank, Washington, DC. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES All notes in Chapter 1: Forests for Poverty Reduction Chapter 2: Engaging the Private Sector in Forest Sector Development Note 2.2: Small- and Medium-Scale Enterprises Note 2.3: Innovative Marketing Arrangements for Environmental Services Note 5.2: Reforming Forest Institutions Note 6.4: Assessing Cross-Sectoral Impacts: Use of CEAs and SEAs 24 CHAPTER 1: FORESTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
NOTE 1.1 Mainstreaming the Role of Forests in Poverty Alleviation: Measuring Poverty-Forest Linkages Forests provide a significant portion of forest dwellers’ subsistence goods and services, and income. Yet the contribution of forests to income and the level of forest dependence are seldom systematically documented. Income streams from forests and the role of forests as safety nets are underestimated and the potential of forests to alleviate poverty is often unexploited. The lack of quantitative and readily available information on the role of forests in contributing to poverty reduction is a major constraint to mainstreaming the use of forests in poverty alleviation. A consequence is that the role of forests in poverty reduction is not reflected in any significant way in nationallevel strategies, such as the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) process. In the same way, those countries that have been developing NFPs (NFPs; see note 6.1, Using National Forest Programs to Mainstream Forest Issues) have not tended to explicitly link forest issues to poverty reduction or to the achievement of the MDGs. If PRSPs fail to incorporate forestry, national efforts to reduce poverty and vulnerability will undercount the critical role that forest resources currently play—and the potentially greater role they could play—in the livelihoods of the poor. There are two constraints to improving measurement and mainstreaming of linkages between forests and poverty. First, most countries have little data available to illustrate how forests contribute to the livelihoods of poor households. The Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS; www.worldbank.org/lsms) have a variable on fuelwood consumption, but owing to the logistical and cultural challenges of surveying forest-dwelling and forest-reliant households in remote areas, the data associated with this variable are limited. It also is difficult to accurately measure and attribute the cash value of extracted forest products to households residing in high-population-density areas and forest-agriculture mosaics (Chomitz et al. 2006). The second challenge is that the data that do exist are rarely presented in ways that are meaningful to those designing PRSPs and NFPs. Forest specialists are more familiar with reporting forest information about physical resources (trees planted, forest cover improved, or timber sold) than livelihoods, with the exception of quantifying the number of people employed in the forest sector. Poverty experts and macroeconomists are unfamiliar with the use of forests and NFPs and tend to underestimate the contribution of forests and off-farm natural resources to livelihoods. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS There is little knowledge about how rural households depend on forest and tree resources to meet their daily needs—and even less about the potential of these resources to reduce poverty. This failure stems in part from the fact that forest products, especially nontimber forest products, fall through the cracks of sector-specific data collection, with neither forestry nor agricultural agencies collecting data on household collection, use, and sale of forest products. A simple methodology is needed to capture this contribution and to demonstrate its ultimate relevance to many of the MDGs. This is what the Poverty-Forest Linkages Toolkit offers (box 1.4). This section provides a summary of key steps for measuring poverty-forest linkages and mainstreaming this information, based on the approach detailed in the toolkit. Only at the national level can current country processes for poverty data gathering be identified and understood and effort invested in enabling these to take forest data into account. And only through local enquiry can a picture be developed of the two key ways in which forests have an impact on the lives of the poor—positively through livelihood support, and negatively if use of forests is formally illegal. To this end, the toolkit lays out a step-by-step process to gather and analyze the necessary information, detailing 25
Page 1 and 2: INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
Page 3 and 4: Forest law enforcement and governan
Page 5 and 6: ■ Protecting vital local and glob
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 9 and 10: Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
Page 11 and 12: management and biodiversity conserv
Page 13: PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
Page 16 and 17: Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
Page 18 and 19: harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21: forest management and ownership hav
Page 22 and 23: Institutional development of capaci
Page 26 and 27: Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
Page 28 and 29: Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
Page 30 and 31: NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
Page 32 and 33: the biophysical resource through fo
Page 34 and 35: Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
Page 36 and 37: Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
Page 38 and 39: World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
Page 40 and 41: [Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
Page 42 and 43: inappropriate. Thus, development pr
Page 44 and 45: nity territory into individual plot
Page 46 and 47: LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 48 and 49: Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
Page 50 and 51: In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55: Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57: NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
Page 58 and 59: ■ environmental groups to produce
Page 60 and 61: Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
Page 65 and 66: dred to tens of thousands of new jo
Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76:
community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78:
NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
Page 366 and 367:
applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
Page 368 and 369:
strategic partnership, LFI example,
Page 372:
Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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