Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Indicators are helpful in these situations because they assist in setting standards and thresholds, and enable comparison. In collecting and working with data, the team must check for reliability, avoid double counting, and, where possible, indicate confidence limits or probabilities. Quantitative and qualitative data both have high value in these analyses and can complement each other. Identifying entry points for addressing crosssectoral impacts. Identifying the links between the policy reform and potential cross-sector impacts is an important part of this overall approach. Equally important, however, is identifying entry points for addressing the potential crosssector impacts. There are no specific good practices associated with this. However, policy loans are also the entry point for mitigating any negative cross-sectoral impacts as well as enhancing positive impacts. This is partly because some of the measures for mitigating or enhancing certain impacts can involve strengthening environmental laws, institutions, and enforcement mechanisms (see chapter 5, Forest Sector Governance, and note 5.5, Strengthening Legal Frameworks in the Forest Sector). LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS To date, there has been relatively little field analysis of actual forest or natural resource outcomes from specific structural adjustment or other programmatic forms of lending. 5 Literature and analyses of the relationship between large-scale economic changes and outcomes for natural resources or forests specifically do not allow consistent conclusions to be drawn across the range of country and field situations. Nevertheless, some key inferences can be drawn with regard to understanding the relationship between macro policy reforms and forest outcomes. Economic and social forces originating outside forests generally have more impact upon those forests than do developments within the forest sector itself. Two broad lessons can be taken from this observation: ■ It is evident that for forests to make their maximum potential contribution to economic growth and poverty alleviation, major policies and incentives from outside the sector that affect forests must be addressed—and policy lending instruments are appropriate to that task (see note 6.2, Prospects for Using Policy Lending to Proactively Enable Forest Sector Reforms). ■ It is also evident that, where forests are determined to be significant for economic growth and poverty alleviation at the national level, policy loans and large cross-sectoral operations that have the potential to impact forests (either positively or negatively) must take that potential into account in their design and implementation. As more policy loans are prepared, an immediate challenge facing donors, client governments, and other institutions engaged in operations at the macroeconomic and larger cross-sectoral levels, will be to mainstream effective monitoring of forest outcomes into these operations, where these are identified as being potentially significant with respect to forests. Researchers with country or regional experience should be part of any team examining cross-sectoral impacts to make a meaningful selection of relevant cross-sectoral linkages, to carry out consistent document analysis, to organize expert interviews, and to collect and interpret the results. Research methods need to be improved. Equally important is the need to launch specific case studies at national, subnational, and local levels to provide more empirical information on cross-sectoral successes as well as on drawbacks in a given social, economic, and political context. Quantitative research is needed as much as qualitative analysis to provide more information on the nature, structure, and functioning of different policies and cross-sector links. Research should also examine the actors and stakeholders involved, the instruments and procedures that influence their behavior, and the causal relationship between forest and other policy domains in both directions. Ways to manage cross-sectoral impacts need to be further examined. This will require understanding how different agencies actually work together, what agencies have which resources, and the possibility of contradictory or overlapping competencies at the policy-setting and implementation levels. New approaches in coordination mechanisms, as well as the likely limitations of coordination, need to be examined. More research is needed on how coordinating mechanisms, such as network management and interadministrative coordination, can be improved to contribute to reaching national forest policy goals. The current role of forest administrations and their ability to operate with success in a given policy and administrative setting needs to be reconsidered. 234 CHAPTER 6: MAINSTREAMING FORESTS INTO DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND PLANNING
NOTES 1. In the World Bank assessment of cross-sectoral impacts of DPL is a due diligence requirement for DPLs as per Operational Policy 8.60. 2. The latter will have some relationship to the contribution of forests to the economy, in that it will provide a measure of whether the contribution, as currently constituted, is sustainable. Eventually, a more rigorous approach to estimating the sustainability of ongoing forest operations would be a useful ingredient in this overall measure, but it is not possible to implement this approach at present. 3. To assess the significance of forests relative to other sectors in a country, the variables used must compare the contribution of forests to poverty alleviation, economic development, and ecosystem services relative to other sectors (rather than compare these relative to other countries). 4. The Environment Department of the Social Development Network in the World Bank is developing a rapid assessment DPL toolkit that will assist task managers in identifying when a DPL operation could have likely significant impacts on the environment, forests, and natural resources. A final version of this toolkit will be available in FY08. 5. The lessons learned and recommendations also draw findings from Schmithüsen, Bisang, and Zimmermann (2001). SELECTED READINGS World Bank. 2005. “Development Policy Lending and Forest Outcomes: Influences, Interactions, and Due Diligence.” Report No. 32724-GLB, World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. Forthcoming. “Rapid Assessment Toolkit for Due Diligence on Environment, Forest, and Other Natural Resource Aspects of Development Policy Lending.” World Bank, Washington, DC. REFERENCES CITED Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi. 2004. “Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996–2002.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pdf/ govmatters3_wber.pdf. Hamilton, K., and M. Mani. 2005. “Toolkit for Analyzing Environmental and Natural Resource Aspects of Development Policy Lending.” Environment Department, World Bank, Washington, DC. Iannariello, M. P., P. Stedman-Edwards, D. Reed, and R. Blair. 1999. “Environmental Impact Assessment of Macroeconomic Reform Programs.” WWF Macroeconomics Program Office, Washington, DC. http://assets .panda.org/downloads/eia.pdf. Mani, M. 2004. “An Overview of Environmental and Natural Resource Aspects of IBRD Financed Development Policy Lending Operations in FY05.” ENV-ESSD, internal note. World Bank, Washington, DC. Schmithüsen, F., K. Bisang, and W. Zimmermann. 2001. “Cross-Sector Linkages in Forestry: Review of Available Information and Consideration on Future Research.” Forest Policy and Forest Economics, Department of Forest Sciences—ETH, Zurich. http://www.fao.org/docrep/ 003/AA002E/Aa002e03.htm#6018. World Bank. 2005. “Development Policy Lending and Forest Outcomes: Influences, Interactions, and Due Diligence.” Report No. 32724-GLB, World Bank, Washington, DC. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Chapter 5: Improving Forest Governance Note 5.5: Addressing Illegal Logging and Other Forest Crime NOTE 6.3: IDENTIFYING THE NEED FOR ANALYSIS ON FORESTS IN DEVELOPMENT POLICY REFORMS 235
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INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
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Encourage stakeholder participation
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Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
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NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
Page 183 and 184: The most common fiscal incentives i
Page 185 and 186: is reasonable to allow the administ
Page 187 and 188: ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
Page 189 and 190: NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
Page 191 and 192: Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
Page 193 and 194: ■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
Page 195 and 196: enterprises may be motivated to joi
Page 197 and 198: NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
Page 199 and 200: ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
Page 201: Typical contexts Potential drivers
Page 204 and 205: Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
Page 206 and 207: Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
Page 208 and 209: Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
Page 210 and 211: Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
Page 212 and 213: ———. 2005. “Development Pol
Page 214 and 215: NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
Page 216 and 217: Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
Page 218 and 219: Implementation. The implementation
Page 220 and 221: allow for each country’s differen
Page 222 and 223: limited in the coverage and duratio
Page 224 and 225: Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
Page 226 and 227: Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
Page 228 and 229: OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
Page 230 and 231: OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
Page 232 and 233: orientation of the DPL operations c
Page 236 and 237: ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
Page 238 and 239: NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
Page 240 and 241: Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
Page 242 and 243: Considering the above issues, an in
Page 244 and 245: Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
Page 246 and 247: World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
Page 248 and 249: Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
Page 250 and 251: collected via remote sensing rather
Page 252 and 253: Discussions and proposals on how to
Page 254 and 255: Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
Page 256 and 257: FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
Page 258 and 259: ■ ■ ■ enables implementation
Page 260 and 261: selecting the technology. Technolog
Page 262 and 263: USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
Page 264 and 265: Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
Page 266 and 267: Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
Page 268 and 269: and client-rich system, which would
Page 270 and 271: ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
Page 272 and 273: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 274 and 275: NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
Page 276 and 277: ■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
Page 278 and 279: Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
Page 280 and 281: Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
Page 282 and 283: Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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