Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Lee, K. N. 1993. Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Washington, DC: Island Press. Margoluis, R., V. Russell, M. Gonzalez, O. Rojas, J. Magdaleno, G. Madrid, and D. Kaimowitz. 2001. “Maximum Yield? Sustainable Agriculture as a Tool for Conservation.” Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC. Margoluis, R., and N. Salafsky. 1998. Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation and Development Projects. Washington, DC: Island Press. Morgan, A., and Foundations of Success. 2005. “Basic Guidance for Cross-Cutting Tools: Conceptual Models.” Worldwide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland. The Nature Conservancy. “Conservation Action Planning <strong>Resource</strong>s.” http://conserveonline.org/workspaces. Salafsky, N., R. Margoluis, and K. Redford. 2001. “Adaptive Management: A Tool for Conservation Practitioners.” Publication No. 112, Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC. http://www.fosonline.org/Site_Docs/ AdaptiveManagementTool.pdf. 150 CHAPTER 4: OPTIMIZING FOREST FUNCTIONS IN A LANDSCAPE
CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNANCE Forest sector governance refers to the ways in which officials and institutions (both formal and informal) acquire and exercise authority in the management of the resources of the sector to sustain and improve the welfare and quality of life for those whose livelihoods depend on the sector. 1 Good governance is fundamental to achieving positive and sustained development outcomes in the sector, including efficiency of resource management, increased contribution to economic growth and to environmental services, and equitable distribution of benefits. Good forest governance is characterized by predictable, open, and informed policy making based on transparent processes, a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos, an executive arm of government accountable for its actions, and a strong civil society participating in decisions related to sector management and in other public affairs—and all behaving under the rule of law. Thus, key features of good governance include adherence to the rule of law, transparency and low levels of corruption, inputs of all stakeholders in decision making, accountability of all officials, low regulatory burden, and political stability (see also World Bank 2000). The rationale for the World Bank to engage in improving forest governance in client countries is twofold. On one hand, broader governance reform processes, such as decentralization and devolution, and public sector reforms present direct opportunities to which the forest sector needs to respond. On the other hand, illegal logging, corruption, and other forest sector crimes, such as arson, poaching, land encroachment, trade in endangered fauna and flora, and evasion of legal taxes and royalties, indicate weaknesses in forest sector governance that need to be addressed. In developing countries, illegal logging in public lands alone causes estimated losses in assets and revenue in excess of US$10 billion annually, more than six times the total official development assistance dedicated to the sustainable management of forests. In addition, about US$5 billion per year is estimated to be lost to uncollected taxes and royalties on legally sanctioned timber harvests, as a result of corruption (World Bank 2004). The global magnitude of the problem as estimated by its direct monetary impacts is staggering. 2 The associated physical, environmental, and social impacts resulting from poor governance are even more extensive and serious. They are characterized by the following: ■ ■ ■ Violation of protected area boundaries threatens the conservation of forest resources and biodiversity. More than 350 million rural poor rely heavily on forests for their livelihoods, while more than 60 million depend almost exclusively on them for subsistence. Strong forest governance (including vesting tenurial rights with such communities) is essential for protecting their livelihoods and improving their well-being, and for protecting them from the consequences of illegal logging and unauthorized removals from the forest (World Bank 2006). Legitimate forest enterprises are subjected to unfair competition through price undercutting and discouraged from making socially and environmentally responsible investments in the sector. 151
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INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
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payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
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Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
Page 100 and 101: operations (such as community-based
Page 102 and 103: also needs to be extended in many c
Page 104 and 105: NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
Page 106 and 107: areas that can be used more intensi
Page 108 and 109: Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
Page 110 and 111: Finally, any existing protections,
Page 112 and 113: However, these general rules are se
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Page 116 and 117: management practices in selected en
Page 118 and 119: Reforms) provide the framework for
Page 120 and 121: lenges to weak institutions, which
Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
Page 125 and 126: People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128: Encourage stakeholder participation
Page 129 and 130: Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
Page 131 and 132: Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
Page 133 and 134: Identify planning team members and
Page 135 and 136: Involve relevant stakeholders in de
Page 137 and 138: needs of implementing partners and
Page 139 and 140: NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
Page 141 and 142: Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
Page 143 and 144: NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
Page 145 and 146: ■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
Page 147 and 148: Another important and useful proces
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Page 153 and 154: Improving forest governance and leg
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Page 157 and 158: sector with broader governance and
Page 159 and 160: NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
Page 161 and 162: Assess the overall decentralization
Page 163 and 164: Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
Page 165 and 166: Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
Page 167 and 168: ■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
Page 169 and 170: such as designing a transparent con
Page 171 and 172: Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
Page 173 and 174: NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
Page 175 and 176: Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
Page 177 and 178: In addition, the process of public
Page 179 and 180: ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
Page 181 and 182: forestry policy or to promote other
Page 183 and 184: The most common fiscal incentives i
Page 185 and 186: is reasonable to allow the administ
Page 187 and 188: ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
Page 189 and 190: NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
Page 191 and 192: Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
Page 193 and 194: ■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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Page 197 and 198: NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
Page 199 and 200: ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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