Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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SELECTED READINGS Ashby, J. A., E. B. Knapp, and H. Munk Ravnborg. 1998. “Involving Local Organizations in Watershed Management.” In Agriculture and the Environment: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development, ed. E. Lutz, 118–29. Washington, DC: World Bank. Farrington, J., C. Turton, and A. J. James. 1999. Participatory Watershed Development: Challenges for the Twenty-First Century. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Kerr, J., G. Pangare, and V. L. Pangare. 2002. Watershed Development Projects in India: An Evaluation. Research Report 127. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Resource Institute. Perez, C., and H. Tschinkel. 2003. “Improving Watershed Management in Developing Countries: A Framework for Prioritizing Sites and Practices.” Network Paper No. 129, Agricultural Research and Extension Network, Department for International Development, London. Turton, C., M. Warner, and B. Groom. 1998. “Scaling Up Participatory Watershed Development in India: A Review of the Literature.” Network Paper No. 86, Agriculture Research and Extension Network, Department for International Development, London. REFERENCES CITED Cestti, Rita E. 2005. Albania Natural Resources Development Project. Aide-Memoire, Supervision Mission, November 7-11, 2005. Unpublished. World Bank. Washington, DC. Ecoagriculture Partners and IUCN (International Conservation Union). 2007. “Principles of Engagement with Stakeholders in Negotiating and Measuring Landscape- Level Outcomes.” Draft, Ecoagriculture Working Group, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. http://ecoag.cals.cornell .edu/documents.html. Jinapala, K., J. D. Brewer, and R. Sakthivadivel. 1996. Multi- Level Participatory Planning for Water Resources Development in Sri Lanka. Gatekeeper Series No. 62. London: IIED. Sayer, J. 2006. “Optimising Forest Functions at the Landscape Level.” Note submitted to World Bank as input to Forests Sourcebook. Unpublished. World Bank. Washington, DC. USFS (United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 2006. “Guide to Integrated Landscape Land Use Planning in Central Africa.” http://carpe.umd.edu/ resources/Documents/USFS%20Landscape%20Guide% 20Dec2006.pdf. ———. 2007. “Tongass National Forest: Projects and Plans.” http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/projects/projects .shtml. World Bank. Forthcoming. “Watershed Management Approaches, Policies, and Operations: Lessons for Scaling-up.” Agriculture and Rural Development Department Economic and Sector Work, World Bank, Washington, DC. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Note 4.2: Assessing Outcomes of Landscape Interventions Note 4.3: Using Adaptive Management to Improve Project Implementation 138 CHAPTER 4: OPTIMIZING FOREST FUNCTIONS IN A LANDSCAPE
NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Landscape Interventions Monitoring and evaluation systems are important for tracking performance against objectives and providing information to help managers with implementation (see chapter 7, Monitoring and Information Systems for Forest Management). For forest interventions, this can mean assessing externalities and measuring delayed impacts of the intervention. Monitoring and evaluation methods typically emphasize either the state of species (or ecosystems) or simply the effectiveness of providing project deliverables and outputs (Stem and others 2005). The approaches used often have limited ability to address where the balance between the different objectives from the forest landscape should lie. The real challenge for landscape approaches is to assess the multiple functions of forests at the local and landscape levels. These are the levels at which management decisions are made and for which information on status and trends is required. The problems of assessment are further complicated where management is seeking to achieve multiple functions across a mosaic of forest and nonforest lands (Sayer and Maginnis 2005). Assessment and monitoring schemes in which tradeoffs are inherent in management require multidimensional tools, and progress must be measured across multiple axes (Sayer and Maginnis 2005). The methods should also provide platforms for negotiating tradeoffs. Tough questions need to be tackled, including the following: In areas of land shortage, how much natural forest might be sacrificed to provide additional agricultural options for local people; and, in areas with global environmental values, is placing restrictions on the development options of the poor justified? Forest agencies have often made unwarranted assumptions about what is desired by, or good for, local people. It is clear that more objective and equitable processes are needed. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS The development of a monitoring framework ideally should be initiated at the beginning of the landscape tracking process. The framework should be closely linked to the forest landscape land-use plan and should clearly identify how the monitoring information will be used to inform the decisionmaking process and implementation of the intervention. Use a hierarchical framework for monitoring. In the context of landscape activities, a hierarchical framework is often needed for relevance at different spatial scales and to be able to capture the impact of the activity, as well as to identify changes occurring over time. Clearly articulate goals and desired outcomes. Welldefined objectives for the forest landscape are important for monitoring performance (see note 4.1, Integrated Forest Landscape Land-Use Planning). Define criteria. In the hierarchical monitoring framework, the broad goals are considered to be universally applicable. It is useful, then, to have subsidiary goals from the plan that serve as landscape performance criteria and that identify the desirable outcomes for the landscape (Buck and others 2006). There can be several performance criteria (subsidiary goals) associated with each goal. These specify the direction in which a healthy forest landscape ideally should be moving. Use the landscape objectives. The landscape objectives agreed on among stakeholders as part of the planning process should indicate the desirable future state of a landscape. This information is key to tracking changes in a landscape. Identify appropriate indicators. Indicators are often landscape specific. A participatory process of indicator 139
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INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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dred to tens of thousands of new jo
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Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
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Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
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NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
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inputs (communities), and cost savi
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community arrangements, such as eth
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NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
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must be distinguished from products
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overregulation falls most heavily o
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da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
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NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90: payments for reforestation can enco
Page 91: Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
Page 94 and 95: Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97: Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
Page 98 and 99: ered it important to have the World
Page 100 and 101: operations (such as community-based
Page 102 and 103: also needs to be extended in many c
Page 104 and 105: NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
Page 106 and 107: areas that can be used more intensi
Page 108 and 109: Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
Page 110 and 111: Finally, any existing protections,
Page 112 and 113: However, these general rules are se
Page 114 and 115: the origin of products from a certi
Page 116 and 117: management practices in selected en
Page 118 and 119: Reforms) provide the framework for
Page 120 and 121: lenges to weak institutions, which
Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
Page 125 and 126: People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128: Encourage stakeholder participation
Page 129 and 130: Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
Page 131 and 132: Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
Page 133 and 134: Identify planning team members and
Page 135 and 136: Involve relevant stakeholders in de
Page 137: needs of implementing partners and
Page 141 and 142: Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
Page 143 and 144: NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
Page 145 and 146: ■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
Page 147 and 148: Another important and useful proces
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Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
Page 153 and 154: Improving forest governance and leg
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Page 157 and 158: sector with broader governance and
Page 159 and 160: NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
Page 161 and 162: Assess the overall decentralization
Page 163 and 164: Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
Page 165 and 166: Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
Page 167 and 168: ■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
Page 169 and 170: such as designing a transparent con
Page 171 and 172: Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
Page 173 and 174: NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
Page 175 and 176: Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
Page 177 and 178: In addition, the process of public
Page 179 and 180: ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
Page 181 and 182: forestry policy or to promote other
Page 183 and 184: The most common fiscal incentives i
Page 185 and 186: is reasonable to allow the administ
Page 187 and 188: ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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