Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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management practices in selected enterprises. Given the decreased competitiveness that results from their structural disadvantages, small operations and community forestry are in special need of adequate funding. In this context, the time-bound action plan for certification foreseen in OP 4.36 and further outlined as a safeguard instrument in chapter 11, Forest Certification Assessment Guide: Summary on Use, can provide the conceptual basis for planning and monitoring assistance to individual companies. Capacity-building efforts should be extended to downstream processing facilities to improve technical knowledge related to development and implementation of appropriate chain-of-custody systems. Again, these activities should focus on small and medium enterprises, which are important partners for smaller forest operations but in many cases lack the capacity to achieve certification of their processes for the control of material flows. NOTE 1. The widely applied quality and environmental management systems set forth in ISO 9002 or ISO 14001 standards can provide the basis for chain-of-custody systems but, in general, require adaptation to the specific requirements of certification systems before products can be labeled as compliant with those systems. SELECTED READINGS Burger, D., J. Hess, and B. Lang, eds. 2005. “Forest Certification: An Innovative Instrument in the Service of Sustainable Development?” Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn, Germany. Nussbaum, R., and M. Simula. 2005. The Forest Certification Handbook. London: Earthscan. Richards, M. 2004. “Certification in Complex Socio- Political Settings: Looking Forward to the Next Decade.” Forest Trends, Washington, DC. REFERENCES CITED World Bank. 2004. “The World Bank Operational Manual, Operational Policies OP 4.36 Forests.” World Bank, Washington, DC. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Note 1.3: Indigenous Peoples and Forests Note 2.2: Small- and Medium-Scale Enterprises Chapter 5: Improving Forest Governance Note 5.5: Addressing Illegal Logging and Other Forest Crime Chapter 9: Applying Forests Policy OP 4.36 Chapter 11: Forest Certification Assessment Guide: Summary on Use 116 CHAPTER 3: MEETING THE GROWING DEMAND FOR FOREST PRODUCTS
NOTE 3.3 Forest Plantations in World Bank Operations Forest plantations can be highly effective for the production of fiber for wood and paper products, and may help in meeting the growing demand for wood identified in chapter 3. Managed properly, they may also be effective in the protection and conservation of soil and water resources, revegetation of degraded landscapes, rehabilitation of habitats, and for carbon sequestration. However, they have also been associated with conversion of natural forests, the destruction of habitat, and the marginalization of local and Indigenous Peoples. This note examines the potential for plantations to deliver a variety of goods and services and identifies the precautions necessary to avoid causing negative environmental and social impacts. OVERVIEW AND CONSIDERATIONS OF INTEREST FOR WORLD BANK ACTIVITIES Because of their efficiency in wood production, along with increasing restrictions on the use of native forests, wood supply from plantations has grown from 5 percent to 30 percent of the total share of industrial fiber over the past 15 years, and projections are that this will increase to 50 percent by 2040 (World Bank 2005). Today, most of the world’s 140 million ha of plantations are established for productive purposes, with another 31 million ha established for protection (FAO 2006). Trees have an excellent capacity to capture and hold, or “fix,” atmospheric carbon and are now being employed for carbon sequestration to mitigate greenhouse gas effects and climate change. Carbon content in trees is a function of their density and volume. The faster the trees are able to grow, the more rapidly they fix carbon. The paradox is that many of the same exotic trees that grow rapidly and are most useful for sequestering carbon also pose increased risks for local environmental impacts because of their aggressive characteristics. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS In general, most productive plantations are characterized by uniform species composition and age-class distribution within stands, regular spacing between tree stems, and simple geometric configurations (blocks)—characteristics that enhance their utility and cost effectiveness. However, these same qualities, along with the use of mechanical and chemical treatments and occasional replacement of native vegetation, have led to concerns about plantations’ impacts on the environment and biodiversity. Social issues can also emerge when large operations fail to address impacts on local populations or fail to include landowners’ and other stakeholders’ concerns in their operations. For these reasons, World Bank–financed operations need to ensure that both environmental and social concerns are considered early in the project design. In the end, productive plantations do not have to compromise the environment or biodiversity, or lead to social exclusion—in fact, they can favorably affect each of them, or at a minimum their impacts can be mitigated, and it is the World Bank’s job to ensure that this happens within its investments. Scale of activity. World Bank operations involving plantations may be carried out at both national and local levels. Striking the balance between these very different approaches, or choosing one over the other, during project design requires a solid understanding of the country’s needs and goals for the sector, as well as of local conditions in areas targeted for interventions. Conversely, most countries lack a strategic vision for forestry, and World Bank projects must frequently incorporate elements of strategic planning with more tangible activities that promote sustainable development, such as research, extension, and the promotion of best management practices. Stakeholder processes such as National Forestry Programs (see note 6.3, Identifying the Need for Analysis on Forests in Development Policy 117
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INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
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CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76: community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78: NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
Page 79 and 80: must be distinguished from products
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Page 85 and 86: NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90: payments for reforestation can enco
Page 91: Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
Page 94 and 95: Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97: Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
Page 98 and 99: ered it important to have the World
Page 100 and 101: operations (such as community-based
Page 102 and 103: also needs to be extended in many c
Page 104 and 105: NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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Page 108 and 109: Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
Page 110 and 111: Finally, any existing protections,
Page 112 and 113: However, these general rules are se
Page 114 and 115: the origin of products from a certi
Page 118 and 119: Reforms) provide the framework for
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Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
Page 125 and 126: People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128: Encourage stakeholder participation
Page 129 and 130: Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
Page 131 and 132: Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
Page 133 and 134: Identify planning team members and
Page 135 and 136: Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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Page 139 and 140: NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
Page 141 and 142: Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
Page 143 and 144: NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
Page 145 and 146: ■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
Page 147 and 148: Another important and useful proces
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Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
Page 153 and 154: Improving forest governance and leg
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Page 159 and 160: NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
Page 161 and 162: Assess the overall decentralization
Page 163 and 164: Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
Page 165 and 166: Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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