Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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However, these general rules are seldom sufficient to guide actions in particular sites. 2. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, http://iucn.org/themes/wcpa/. 3. The need to increase area under protection should be defined by each country and its particular conditions because in some World Bank client countries large shares of forests are already protected while in most others more is needed. 4. FSC Principles and Criteria: Principle 9: Maintenance of High Conservation Value Forests. According to Principle 9 of FSC, “management activities in HCVF should maintain or enhance the attributes which define such forests. Decisions regarding high conservation value forests shall always be considered in the context of a precautionary approach” (http://www.fsc.org/en/about/policy_standards/princ_crit eria/11). 5. The Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Principles and Criteria are available at http://www.rspo.org. 6. This section draws heavily from the HCVF toolkit. All users of this note are encouraged to consult the detailed HCVF toolkit because it contains helpful checklists and concrete examples. The toolkit is available at http://www.hcvf.org. 7. The organizations making up the founding Advisory Group included the World Bank, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), IUCN, International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), WBCSD, Greenpeace, Forest Ethics, The Nature Conservancy, The Forest Peoples’ Movement, Tetra- Pak, Mondi, and the FSC (HCV Resource Network 2006). 8. This section draws on ProForest 2003. SELECTED READINGS Dinerstein, E., G. Powell, D. Olson, E. Wikramanayake, R. Abell, C. Loucks, E. Underwood, T. Allnutt, W. Wettengel, T. Ricketts, H. Strand, S. O’Connor, and N. Burgess. 2000. “A Workbook for Conducting Biological Assessments and Developing Biodiversity Visions for Ecoregion- Based Conservation.” Conservation Science Program, WWF, Washington, DC. HCV Resource Network. 2007. Welcome to the HCV Resource Network (Web site). http://www.hcvnetwork.org. Knight, A., R. Cowling, and B. Campbell. 2006. “An Operational Model for Implementing Conservation Action.” Conservation Biology 20 (2): 408–19. Nasi, R., and A. Fabing. 2001. “Integration of Biodiversity into National Forestry Planning: Synthesis Report.” CIFOR Biodiversity Planning Support Programme, Bogor, Indonesia. ProForest. 2003. The High Conservation Value Forest Toolkit. 1st ed. Oxford: ProForest. http://www.proforest.net/ publication/pubcat.2007-01-19.4709481979. ———. 2008a. Assessment, Management, and Monitoring of High Conservation Values: A Practical Guide for Forest Managers. ProForest, Oxford. ———. 2008b: Good Practice Guidelines for High Conservation Value assessments: A Methodological Approach for Practitioners and Auditors. Proforest, Oxford. REFERENCES CITED Brooks, T. M., M. I. Bakarr, T. Boucher, G. A. B. da Fonseca, C. Hilton-Taylor, J. M. Hoekstra, T. Moritz, S. Olivieri. 2004. “Coverage Provided by the Global Protected-Area System: Is It Enough?” BioScience 54 (12): 1081–91. HCV Resource Network. 2006. Welcome to the HCV Resource Network (Web site). http://www.hcvnetwork.org. PNG FSC (Papua New Guinea Forest Stweardship Council). 2006. “HCV Forest Toolkit for Papua New Guinea.” http://www.wwfpacific.org.fj/publications/png/HCVF_ Toolkit_First_Ed.pdf] ProForest. 2003. The High Conservation Value Forest Toolkit. 1st ed. (parts 1-3). Oxford: ProForest. http://www.pro forest.net/publication/pubcat.2007-01-19.4709481979. ———. 2007. “Mainstreaming Conservation Considerations into Productive Landscapes: Applying High Conservation Value (HCV) Tools.” Note submitted to World Bank as input to Forests Sourcebook. Unpublished. World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2008a. Assessment, Management, and Monitoring of High Conservation Values: A Practical Guide for Forest Managers. Proforest, Oxford. ———. 2008b: Good Practice Guidelines for High Conservation Value assessments: A Methodological Approach for Practitioners and Auditors. Proforest, Oxford. WWF (World Wildlife Fund). 2007. “High Conservation Value Forests: The Concept in Theory and Practice.” Forests for Life Programme, WWF International, Gland, Switzerland. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/hcvf_ brochure_012007.pdf. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Note 3.3: Forest Plantations 112 CHAPTER 3: MEETING THE GROWING DEMAND FOR FOREST PRODUCTS
NOTE 3.2 Forest Certification Systems Forest certification has become of increasing consequence to forest management and policy in recent years, as consumers have become increasingly scrupulous about the source of their forest products. This note discusses the potential for certification not only to act as an investment safeguard and supplement traditional World Bank project monitoring, but also to provide a range of other benefits, such as market access and improved governance and stakeholder relations. The overarching goal of supporting the development and adoption of forest certification is to harness its potential while avoiding associated risks. This note describes how, in addition to providing an investment safeguard, certification can achieve less tangible benefits, such as resolving stakeholder conflict, providing forest surveillance where government capacity is inadequate, and enabling market access. This subject is interconnected with many of the notes within this sourcebook, including those on forest governance (chapter 5), illegal logging (note 5.5), and small and medium enterprises (note 2.2). OVERVIEW AND CONSIDERATIONS OF INTEREST FOR WORLD BANK ACTIVITIES Reliable information on social and environmental impacts of production processes becomes increasingly important for developing and maintaining business relations as markets become increasingly integrated at the global scale. Demand for such information originates from consumers, including governments, who are concerned about the negative consequences of their purchasing decisions as well as from a growing number of businesses that are interested in avoiding damage to their images, potentially triggered when engaging in socially and environmentally harmful activities. Against this background, forest certification emerged as an instrument to provide information on forest management performance and thus assist consumers and businesses, predominantly in the timber products sector, with their purchasing decisions. Certification was conceived in the early 1990s as a market-based mechanism aimed at rewarding good management of forests with better market access and possibly price premiums—particularly to high-priced and environmentally sensitive markets in developed countries— for products from certified forests. Since then, the area under certified forest management increased considerably, from 30 million hectares in 2002 to approximately 250 million hectares worldwide today. The number of products bearing certification labels and the number of different certification systems in the marketplace have also proliferated. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Generally, the first step of the certification process consists of a conformity assessment in which the quality of a production process (for example, its environmental impacts, social performance, technical aspects, efficiency) or special features of products or services are assessed against requirements specified in a standard. In the case of forest management certification, independent assessment provides an analysis of the applied management practices in relation to the standard requirements. If successful, a certificate is issued that can be used as assurance that the operation is in compliance with the provisions set forth in the applied standard. Continual conformance monitoring of the certified operation is carried out through repeated surveillance visits during the validity period of the certificate. In general, certificate holders are allowed to use a label and to make claims about their adherence to the standard requirements. In addition, most certification systems developed rules for the handling of certified timber in downstream processing facilities, such as saw mills, paper mills, or furniture production, that allow certified timber to be traced throughout the supply chain to the end consumer. Application of these rules and the subsequent certification of the implemented processes in the timber industry are the basis for claims on 113
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INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
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Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
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Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
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NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
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■ environmental groups to produce
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Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
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Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76: community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78: NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
Page 79 and 80: must be distinguished from products
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Page 83 and 84: da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
Page 85 and 86: NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90: payments for reforestation can enco
Page 91: Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
Page 94 and 95: Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97: Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
Page 98 and 99: ered it important to have the World
Page 100 and 101: operations (such as community-based
Page 102 and 103: also needs to be extended in many c
Page 104 and 105: NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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Page 108 and 109: Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
Page 110 and 111: Finally, any existing protections,
Page 114 and 115: the origin of products from a certi
Page 116 and 117: management practices in selected en
Page 118 and 119: Reforms) provide the framework for
Page 120 and 121: lenges to weak institutions, which
Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
Page 125 and 126: People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128: Encourage stakeholder participation
Page 129 and 130: Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
Page 131 and 132: Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
Page 133 and 134: Identify planning team members and
Page 135 and 136: Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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Page 139 and 140: NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
Page 141 and 142: Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
Page 143 and 144: NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
Page 145 and 146: ■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
Page 147 and 148: Another important and useful proces
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Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
Page 153 and 154: Improving forest governance and leg
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Page 159 and 160: NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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