Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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also needs to be extended in many countries. In addition, silvicultural knowledge as the basis for improving productivity of natural forest management is weak in many World Bank client countries and constitutes a key area for future intervention. Effective dissemination mechanisms need to be established, particularly when wood production is supposed to be increasingly channeled to smallholders. Improve cooperation with the conservation community. Given the trend toward greater reliance on forest plantations, an agreement is needed between the conservation community and industry as to where and how plantation forests can be developed such that potentially negative social and environmental impacts are minimized. One way to achieve this cooperation may be by promoting the mapping of critical forest areas (for example, high conservation value forest [see note 3.1, Mainstreaming Conservation Considerations into Productive Landscapes] and related approaches) and independent forest certification of plantation management (see note 3.2, Forest Certification Systems). Design plantations to provide multiple functions. Plantations will need to be designed so that they are able to provide the multiple functions expected of SFM, in addition to supplying raw material to pulp and paper mills and other industrial processing. To achieve this objective, further research will be needed to improve knowledge on silvicultural techniques, especially on growth performance of indigenous tree species and approaches for creating mixedspecies or uneven-aged plantation forestry that resembles near-natural forest ecosystems and, hence, has a higher degree of provision of environmental service functions, such as biodiversity conservation. Improve procurement policies of World Bank client country governments. Governments should be encouraged to increase the proportion of their forest product purchases that come from sources certified by systems and schemes that comply with internationally accepted criteria and indicators for SFM (see note 3.2, Forest Certification Systems). Support up-to-date systems for independent forest certification, including chain-of-custody certification. Producers of tropical timber are under increasing pressure to be able to document the origin of their products, whether to demonstrate legality or achieve sustainability of forest management. Without this ability, producers may be excluded from key segments of the market. Related to this is the need to address “leakages” within the wood trade, such as through customs and other controls (see note 3.2, Forest Certification Systems, note 5.5, Addressing Illegal Logging, and chapter 2, Engaging the Private Sector in Forest Sector Development, and its associated notes). NOTES 1. Different scenarios estimate that China’s forest product imports will reach far higher levels, up to 600 million m 3 , should imports continue to rise as they did from 1997 through 2005. Eventually the point may be reached when limited supply, coupled with rising prices for raw materials, will stem further increases in wood imports. 2. An increasing number of consumer countries—especially in Europe—are currently developing procurement standards for the import of wood and forest products that often demand independent management and chain-ofcustody certification according to internationally recognized principles and criteria (see also note 3.2, Forest Certification Systems). 3. Emerging economies of particular interest in the context of this chapter include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa, Thailand, and Vietnam. 4. For further information, please refer to the World Bank Forests Strategy (World Bank 2004a) and World Bank’s Operational Policy on Forests (OP 4.36). 5. This included projects emphasizing biodiversity considerations in forest plantations and productive landscapes, project components that develop forest certification systems, and certification to prevent illegal trade of timber and forest products, arrangements for plantations, and so forth. 6. Successful (net) plantation area must be distinguished from total planted area. The failure rate is often in the range of 20–30 percent, or even higher; plantations in the Philippines have had a success rate of only 26 percent (FAO 2003). 7. Especially in Latin America and Southeast Asia, the knowledge about lesser-known species has improved significantly. In Africa, research and knowledge dissemination regarding these species needs to be further supported. 8. Many consumer countries have developed, or are currently developing, procurement guidelines that require certification of wood products. 9. In this context, “traditional” refers to technical support, provision of material, and the like, while “innovative” refers to payments for environmental services. See note 2.3, Innovative Marketing Arrangements for Environmental Services. 102 CHAPTER 3: MEETING THE GROWING DEMAND FOR FOREST PRODUCTS
SELECTED RESOURCES FAO Forest Products & Services (Trade). http://www .fao.org/forestry/site/trade/en/ FAO Forest Products & Services (Wood Energy). http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/energy/en/ FAO Forests (Facts and Figures). http://www.fao .org/forestry/site/28679/en/ International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). http:// www.itto.or.jp ITTO—Market Information Service. http://www.itto.or.jp/ live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=235 ITTO—Tropical Forest Update. http://www.itto.or.jp/ live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=243 GFTN (WWF)–Global Forest and Trade Network, World Wildlife Fund. http://gfta.panda.org. The Forest Dialogue. http://research.yale.edu/gisf/tfd/ Forest Trends. http://www.forest-trends.org World Resource Institute—Forest Management. http:// www.wri.org/biodiv/about.cfm#ForestManagement High Conservation Value Resource Network. http://hcvnet work.org/ Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). http://www.fsc.org/en/ Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC). http://www.pefc.org/internet/html/ Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG). http:// www.worldwildlife.org/alliance/2006jul-fca.cfm World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). http://www.wbcsd.ch/ (click on “Forest Products”) SELECTED READINGS Del Lungo, A., J. Ball, and J. Carle. 2006. “Global Planted Forests Thematic Study: Results and Analysis.” Working Paper FP/38, FAO, Rome. Evans, J. 1996. Plantation Forestry in the Tropics. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press. Kangas, K., and A. Baudin. 2003. “Modelling and Projections of Forest Products Demand, Supply and Trade in Europe.” New York and Geneva, UN/FAO European Forest Sector Outlook Studies. Whiteman, A., C. Brown, and G. Bull. 1999. “Forest Product Market Developments: The Outlook for Forest Product Markets to 2010 and the Implications for Improving Management of the Global Forest Estate.” Working Paper FAO/FPIRS/02, FAO, Rome. REFERENCES CITED Del Lungo, A., J. Ball, and J. Carle. 2006. “Global Planted Forests Thematic Study: Results and Analysis.” Working Paper FP/38, FAO, Rome. FAO. 1995a. “Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Tropical Forest Plantation Resources.” Forestry Paper No. 128, FAO, Rome. ———. 2005a. State of the World’s Forests 2005. Rome: FAO. ———. 2005b. Yearbook of Forest Products 2005. Rome: FAO. ———. 2006. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Rome: FAO. ———. 2007. State of the World’s Forests 2007. Rome: FAO. FAO COFO (Committee on Forestry). 2005. Seventeenth Session on Forests and Bioenergy, Rome, Italy, March 15–19. FAOSTAT. 2005. http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/collections? version=ext&hasbulk=0&subset= forestry [last updated September 2005]. Forest Trends. 2006. China and the Global Market for Forest Products: Transforming Trade to Benefit Forests and Livelihoods. Washington, DC: Forest Trends. Sander, K. 2007. “Meeting the Growing Demand for Wood. Sustainable Plantations and Commercial Harvesting Operations.” Note submitted to World Bank as input to Forests Sourcebook. Unpublished. World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2004a. Sustaining Forests: A Development Strategy. Washington, DC: World Bank. ———. 2004b. Project Appraisal Document for Vietnam Forestry Sector Development Project for Vietnam (P066051). Report No. 26767-VN. Rural Development and Natural Resources Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2005. East Asia Region Forestry Strategy. Washington, DC: World Bank. CROSS-REFERENCED CHAPTERS AND NOTES Note 1.4: Property and Access Rights Chapter 2: Engaging the Private Sector in Forest Sector Development, and associated notes All notes in Chapter 3: Meeting the Growing Demand for Forest Products Note 5.5: Addressing Illegal Logging and Other Forest Crime Chapter 6: Mainstreaming Forests into Development Policy and Planning Chapter 10: Consultation and Communications in Forest Activities Chapter 12: Applying OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples CHAPTER 3: MEETING THE GROWING DEMAND FOR FOREST PRODUCTS 103
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INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
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Forest law enforcement and governan
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■ Protecting vital local and glob
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Figure 3 Commitment from the World
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Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
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management and biodiversity conserv
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PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
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Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
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harvesting forest products that are
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forest management and ownership hav
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Institutional development of capaci
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Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
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Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
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Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
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NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
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the biophysical resource through fo
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Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexi
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World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
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[Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
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inappropriate. Thus, development pr
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nity territory into individual plot
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LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
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In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55: Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57: NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
Page 58 and 59: ■ environmental groups to produce
Page 60 and 61: Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
Page 65 and 66: dred to tens of thousands of new jo
Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76: community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78: NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
Page 79 and 80: must be distinguished from products
Page 81 and 82: overregulation falls most heavily o
Page 83 and 84: da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
Page 85 and 86: NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
Page 87 and 88: Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90: payments for reforestation can enco
Page 91: Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
Page 94 and 95: Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97: Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
Page 98 and 99: ered it important to have the World
Page 100 and 101: operations (such as community-based
Page 104 and 105: NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
Page 106 and 107: areas that can be used more intensi
Page 108 and 109: Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
Page 110 and 111: Finally, any existing protections,
Page 112 and 113: However, these general rules are se
Page 114 and 115: the origin of products from a certi
Page 116 and 117: management practices in selected en
Page 118 and 119: Reforms) provide the framework for
Page 120 and 121: lenges to weak institutions, which
Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
Page 125 and 126: People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128: Encourage stakeholder participation
Page 129 and 130: Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
Page 131 and 132: Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
Page 133 and 134: Identify planning team members and
Page 135 and 136: Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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Page 139 and 140: NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
Page 141 and 142: Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
Page 143 and 144: NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
Page 145 and 146: ■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
Page 147 and 148: Another important and useful proces
Page 149 and 150: theless, it is never too late to st
Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
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tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
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such as designing a transparent con
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Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
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allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
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Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
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OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
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orientation of the DPL operations c
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Indicators are helpful in these sit
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ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
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NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
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World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
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Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
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collected via remote sensing rather
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Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
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Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
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forestry activities was counterprod
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waterways, or the quantity or quali
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
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■ In the case of forest harvestin
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■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
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However, some of the World Bank’s
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
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Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
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Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
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Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
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“no-project” option); and recom
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Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
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CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
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Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
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Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
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Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
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Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
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once more practical experience has
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ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
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CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
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lack of opportunities relative to o
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Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
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ples receive social and economic be
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Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
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FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
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and forest certification, 335 toolk
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applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
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strategic partnership, LFI example,
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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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