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EKEOCHA Table 5: Feed intake of ewe during lactation (g/day) Treatment A(0%MSLM) B(15%MSLM) C(30%MSLM) D(45%MSLM) SEM Early Lactation Concentrate 356.14 ab 604.57 a 319.17 ab 204.74 b 213.81 Grass 147.15 b 178.25 b 243.23 a 237.08 a 35.76 Total DMI 503.29 782.81 562.39 441.82 226.17 DMI g/dWkg 0.75 106.26 147.99 115.49 96.37 69.36 DM ÷ LW% 2.55 3.86 2.70 2.27 1.12 Mid Lactation Concentrate 362.80 ab 615.87 a 325.13 ab 208.57 b 219.81 Grass 149.90 b 181.58 b 247.77 a 241.51 a 43.61 Total DMI 512.69 797.44 572.91 450.06 240.00 DMI g/dWkg 0.75 107.74 150.06 117.10 97.71 70.32 DM ÷ LW% 2.73 3.96 2.94 2.44 1.20 Late Lactation Concentrate 349.50 ab 593.30 a 313.20 ab 200.92 b 209.82 Grass 144.39 b 174.92 b 238.68 a 232.64 a 35.09 Total DMI 493.90 768.20 551.90 433.56 221.94 DMI g/dWkg 0.75 104.77 145.92 113.87 95.01 68.28 DM ÷ LW% 2.77 3.83 2.90 2.46 1.18 ab means on the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P0.05) with increasing inclusion of MSLM. Kruip-Tam et al (1996) earlier enunciated the occurrence of an apparently unavoidable post partum negative nutrient balance in animals selected for milk yield. The combination of increasing demand for milk yields and insufficiently increased feed intake capacity led to a gap between energy input and energy output at the onset of lactation which could only be compensated for by lipolysis and protein mobilization from body tissues resulting in net loss in weight. Owens (1981) further highlighted that the requirements of a ewe in peak lactation are approximately three times those of a dry ewe. However, it is normally impracticable to increase the energy concentration of the diet sufficiently to match this increased demand particularly since ewe in the first 3-4 weeks of lactation have not reached maximum voluntary feed intake. Observed variations were not significant (P>0.05) on reproductive performance although animals on treatment B was superior to others in weight at parturition, lamb birth weight, shorter gestation length and weight gain during pregnancy. Conclusions Mexican sunflower leaves provides an opportunity to enhance utilization of the fibrous fraction, and to raise the overall protein and energy density of ruminant diets thus sparing wheat bran which is unsustainable all year round due to seasonal effect. There will also be potential for indirect environmental benefits from making greater use of MSL in ruminant diets, because of the environmental pollution associated with burning of MSL. However, this potential will only be realized in practice when the improved supply of digestible energy at the level of the rumen is reflected in improved animal performance, which requires a concomitant improvement in the balance of essential nutrients available for metabolism by the animal and possibly production of meat. Based on the overall performance, inclusion of 15% Mexican sunflower leaf meal in the diets of lactating ewes appeared most beneficial to sheep as it improved dry matter intake and reproductive performance but 731 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2012, 2(9):727-733
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF MEXICAN SUNFLOWER LEAF … incorporation of up to 30% Mexican sunflower leaf meal in the diets of sheep to replace Wheat bran was adequate for lactation. Table 6: Reproductive performance of WAD ewe fed MSLM based diets Parameters A(0%MSLM) B(15%MSLM) C(30%MSLM) D(45%MSLM) SEM Initial wt before growth trial (kg) 14.10 14.00 14.30 14.00 2.78 Wt at mating (kg) 17.63 17.50 17.88 17.50 3.48 Wt at parturition (kg) 23.23 26.03 24.45 22.80 3.95 Wt after parturition (kg) 19.80 22.46 20.85 19.50 3.59 Gestation length (days) 150.00 149.50 150.50 150.00 0.82 Lamb birth wt(kg) 1.65 1.80 1.80 1.59 0.38 Wt loss during parturition (kg) 3.43 3.57 3.60 3.30 0.42 Wt gain during pregnancy (kg) 5.60 8.53 6.58 5.30 0.97 Wt of dam at mid lactation (kg) 18.80 21.46 19.50 18.43 3.41 Wt of dam at weaning (kg) 17.80 20.66 19.00 17.60 3.27 Wt changes during lactation (kg) -2.00 -1.80 -1.85 -1.90 0.40 SEM: Standard error of mean References AFRC (1992). Agricultural and Food Research Council. Technical Committee on Response to nutrients. Rep. No. 9 Nutritive requirements of ruminant animals: Protein Nutri. Abstr. Rev. Ser. B. Livest. Feeds Feeding 62: 787- 835. AOAC (1990). Association of Official Analytical Chemists 1970, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA, 467 pp. Freund G (ed.) (1996). Interets nutritionnel et dietetique du lait de chevre. Proceedings, Colloquium Le Lait de Cherve, Niort, Nov. 7, 1996, Institut. National de la Recherche Agronomique Publ., Paris, No. 81, 199 pp. Freund G (ed.) (2000). Goat Milk: Composition and Nutritional Value; Caprine Resources and Documentation Center of Institut. Technique des Produit Laitiers Caprins Publ., Surgeres, France, 78 pp. Gravert HO (1983). Die Milch. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 387 pp. IDF (1983). Production and Utilization of Goat’s and Ewe’s Milk. International Dairy Federation Publ., Brussels, Bul. No. 158, 72pp. IDF (1986). Production and Utilization of Goats and Ewe’s Milk Proceedings, IDF Seminar, Athens, Greece, Sept. 23-25, 1985, International Dairy Federation Publ., Brussels, Bul. No. 202, 222pp. IDF (1996). Production and Utilization of Ewe and Goat Milk. Proceedings, IDF Seminar, Crete, Greece, Oct. 19-21, 1995. International Dairy Federation Publ., Brussels, 346pp. King JWB (1988). directory of Current Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International Publ., Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. 271 pp. Kon SK, Cowie AT (1961). Milk: The Mammary Gland and its Secretion. Academic Press, New York, NY, 2 vol., 938pp. Kruip T, Werf JHJ, Vander-Wensing T, Groen AF (1996). Energy balance in early lactation of high producing dairy cows and its relation to reproduction, health and welfare. Proc. of the Wageningen Inst. Of Anim. Sci. Wageningen, Netherlands, 45-57, EAAP Publ. No. 84:43. Le Lait (1993). Le Lait de chevre. Internat. J. Dairy Sci. and Technol. Le Lait 73: 405-628. official methods of Analysis, 15 th Ed. AOAC Inc. Arlington, Virginia USA. ARC (1985). Agricultural Research Council. The nutrient requirement of farm animals No.2 Ruminants: Tech Rev. and Summaries, ARC, London. Barje PP, Ehoche OW, Oyedipe EO, Agyemang K, Adu IF, Hailu Z, Rekwot PI (1999). Evaluate of pen-urban diary production systems in Nigeria: Results of the Diagnostic Survey phase, Final Report ILRRI, Ibadan. Bufano G, Dario C, Laudadio V (1996). The characterization of leccese sheep variations of chemical composition and lactodynamographic parameters in milk as related to somatic cell counts. In: Proceedings, International Symposium, Somatic Cells and Milk of Small Ruminants R. Rubino, Ed., Bella, Italy, Sept. 25-27, 1994, Wageningen Pers, EAAS Publ. No. 77, pp. 301 -304. Deepak S (1996). Buffalo Milk, Chemistry and Processing Technology. Shalini International Publication, Karnal, Haryana, India, 268 pp. Ekeocha AH (2009). Utilization of Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia, Hemsley A. Gray) By the West African Dwarf Sheep. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 224pp. Ekeocha AH, Fakolade P (2012). Studies on the physicochemical and Mineral Profile of Lactating West African Ewe fed Mexican Sunflower Leaf Meal Based Diets. J. Rec. Adv. Agri. 1 (4): 146 – 156. Falconer IR (1971). Lactation. Proceedings, International Symposium on Lactation, University of Nottingham, McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD (1987). Animal 732 J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 2012, 2(9):727-733
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