offshore grids for wind power integration - Greenpeace
offshore grids for wind power integration - Greenpeace
offshore grids for wind power integration - Greenpeace
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executive summary 3<br />
abbreviations 7<br />
1 introduction 8<br />
1.1 objectives 8<br />
1.2 previous studies 9<br />
1.3 approach 10<br />
1.4 guide to the reader 10<br />
2 <strong>wind</strong> <strong>power</strong> in the <strong>power</strong> system:<br />
availability and variability 11<br />
3 methodology 13<br />
3.1 installed <strong>wind</strong> <strong>power</strong> scenario 13<br />
3.2 time series of <strong>wind</strong> speed and <strong>power</strong> 15<br />
4 <strong>offshore</strong> <strong>grids</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>wind</strong> <strong>power</strong> <strong>integration</strong> 16<br />
4.1 existing offhore grid concepts 16<br />
4.2 technology 16<br />
4.3 drivers <strong>for</strong> <strong>offshore</strong> grid development 18<br />
4.4 <strong>offshore</strong> grid proposal 19<br />
5 results and analysis 23<br />
5.1 <strong>offshore</strong> <strong>power</strong> generation 23<br />
5.2 <strong>wind</strong> <strong>power</strong> output over time 24<br />
5.3 availability of <strong>wind</strong> <strong>power</strong> generation 25<br />
5.4 variability of <strong>wind</strong> <strong>power</strong> generation 27<br />
6 discussion and conclusions 29<br />
6.1 availability and variability 29<br />
6.2 flexibility 30<br />
6.3 perspectives <strong>for</strong> an <strong>offshore</strong> grid 31<br />
annex 32<br />
references 37<br />
<strong>Greenpeace</strong>, 3E<br />
date August 2008<br />
3E Rue du Canal 61 Vaartstraat, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium<br />
<strong>Greenpeace</strong> Belgium Haachtsesteenweg 159, chaussée de Haecht, 1030 Brussels, Belgium<br />
authors Achim Woyte, Jan De Decker, Vu Van Thong (3E)<br />
acknowledgements The authors thank Abha Sood and Michael Schmidt from For<strong>wind</strong>, Oldenburg<br />
<strong>for</strong> the calculation of the time series of <strong>wind</strong> speed and <strong>power</strong> generation <strong>for</strong> the <strong>wind</strong> farm sites. Frans Van Hulle<br />
from the European Wind Energy Association, Brussels, is acknowledged <strong>for</strong> technical discussion and critical review of the study.<br />
maps Grégory Ignace<br />
design & layout onehemisphere, Sweden, www.onehemisphere.se<br />
printing Imprimerie Massoz, Belgium, www.massoz.be<br />
contact <strong>Greenpeace</strong> Belgium: jputte@be.greenpeace.org<br />
3E: info@3E.eu<br />
<strong>for</strong> further in<strong>for</strong>mation about the global, regional and national scenarios please visit<br />
the energy [r]evolution website: www.energyblueprint.info/<br />
GPI REF JN 035. Published by <strong>Greenpeace</strong> and 3E. Printed on 100% recycled paper created entirely<br />
from post consumer waste, using vegetable oil based inks.<br />
© DREAMSTIME<br />
cover image OFFSHORE WINDFARM, MIDDELGRUNDEN, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.<br />
image WIND TURBINE.<br />
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