an engineering geological characterisation of tropical clays - GBV

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62 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SA 2 - 105cm + Standard Q: Quartz Sm: Smectites K: Kaolinite Or: Orthoclase Sn: Sanidine Mc: Microcline H: Haematite Cc: Calcite Ak: Ankerite F: Fluorite (CaF2-Standard) Tr: Specimen holder Sn F 232 F F 400 300 200 100 Quartz: 4% Calcite: 3% (s.a. Scheibler) Accessories: K - Feldspar, Haematite, Dolomite, Ankerite Rest: Clay minerals (S. Texture preparation) Sm Mc K Sn Sn 57 K K Or Sm Q Sn Sn Sn Or Mc Q Cc 32 Sn Tr K Sn Cc Sm Cc Q K H Sn Q Cc QAk Q H Cc Q Sm H Cc Q F 0.0 0 20 40 60 [ ° 2 ] Figure 6.2. X-ray diffraction diagram of black clays collected at 1,05m depth. 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SB 1 -70cm + Standard Q: Quartz Sm: Smectites I: Illite K: Kaolinite Or: Orthoclase Sn: Sanidine Mc: Microcline H: Haematite Sd: Siderite Ak: Ankerite D: Dolomite F: Fluorite (CaF2-Standard) Tr: Specimen holder Mc Sn F 275 F F 400 300 Quartz: 4% Accessories: K -Feldspars, Haematite Carbonates Rest: Clay minerals (S. Texture preparation) I Q Tr 200 100 Sm I K Mc Sn Sn I K Sm 56 Or Or Sn K D Sn Sn Sm Q H Or Sd Q Sn Q Sd Ak Q Or Sm Q D H Q 0.0 0 20 40 60 [ ° 2 ] Figure 6.3. X-ray diffraction diagram of black clays collected at 0,70m depth.
63 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SC 17 -50cm + Standard Q: Quartz Td: Tridymite Sm: Smectites K: Kaolinite Cr: Cristobalite Or: Orthoclase Sn: Sanidine Mc: Microcline H: Haematite Sd: Siderite Ak: Ankerite D: Dolomite F: Fluorite (CaF2-Standard) Tr: Specimen holder F 256 F F 400 300 Quartz: 4% Accessories: K -Feldspars, Haematite, Carbonates Rest: Clay minerals Q (S. Texture preparation) Sn 66 Mc Tr 200 100 Sm Or K SnOr K Q Sm Or Q Sn Sm Td Sn Cr Or Mc K Sn Sd Sn H Q Q Q Sd Ak Q H Sm Q D H Q 0.0 0 20 40 60 [ ° 2 ] Figure 6.4 X-ray diffraction diagram of yellow-brown to black clays collected at 0,50m depth. 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SC 33 -30cm + Standard Q: Quartz Td: Tridymite Sm: Smectites Cr: Cristobalite Or: Orthoclase Sn: Sanidine Mc: Microcline H: Haematite Sd: Siderite Ak: Ankerite D: Dolomite F: Fluorite (CaF2-Standard) Tr: Specimen holder Q F 252 F F 400 Quartz: 9% Accessories: K -Feldspars, Haematite, Mc Carbonates I Sn Rest: Clay minerals (S. Texture preparation) Tr 300 125 200 100 Sm Or Or Sn Sn Sm Or Q Sn TdCr Sn Or Ak Sm Q H Sd Q Q Sd Sn Sn D Q Sd Ak Q AkSm D Q D H H Q Sd 0.0 0 20 40 60 [ ° 2 ] Figure 6.5. X-ray diffraction diagram of black clays collected at 0,30m depth.
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AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
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i Contents Page Acknowledgements Su
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iii Chapter 8. Distribution of inde
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v 7.29 - 7.33 Correlation between s
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vii 136 139 7.13 Compressibility cl
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ix Acknowledgements I would like to
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
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Figure1.1 Map of Nairobi region sho
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5 Plates 1.2 (a) & (b) Strong shrin
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7 Available literature in the form
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9 slopes. The northern boundary bet
Page 23 and 24: 11 1.6 Climate The Nairobi area and
Page 25 and 26: 13 marked daily range of relative h
Page 27 and 28: 15 Chapter 2 Previous works 2.1 Sum
Page 29 and 30: 17 Table 2.1 Stratigraphic correlat
Page 31 and 32: 19 Chapter 3 Geology 3.1 Introducti
Page 33: 21 metamorphic minerals sillimanite
Page 37 and 38: 25 and prismatic apatite occur as a
Page 39 and 40: 27 Table 3.2 Chemical analyses of s
Page 41 and 42: 29 caused by partial segregation of
Page 44 and 45: 32 could otherwise lead to erroneou
Page 46 and 47: 34 The red soils in this study occu
Page 48 and 49: 36 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
Page 50 and 51: 38 4.4 Vane test 4.4.1 Introduction
Page 52 and 53: 40 Table 4.1 Classification of soft
Page 54 and 55: 42 The variation of vane shear stre
Page 56 and 57: 44 And thirdly, the field vane appa
Page 58: 46 horizon, most probably a result
Page 61 and 62: 49 The red friable clays on the who
Page 63 and 64: 51 Results of chemical analyses of
Page 65 and 66: 53 Results of previous soil classif
Page 67 and 68: 55 neighbouring metamorphic areas a
Page 69 and 70: 57 Table 5.10. Profile description
Page 71 and 72: 59 The presence of BaO in the red a
Page 73: 61 resulted most probably from supp
Page 77 and 78: 65 sericite and chlorite (see next
Page 79 and 80: 67 Q: Quartz (1%) H: Haematite K: K
Page 81 and 82: 69 Plate 6.3. K-feldspar phenocryst
Page 83 and 84: 71 The trachytes generally show a r
Page 85 and 86: 73 Plate 6.16. Organic matter (rema
Page 87 and 88: 75 Plate 6.24. Solution pores/ cavi
Page 89 and 90: 77 Plate 6.29. Iron concretion with
Page 91 and 92: 79 The CS-225 is a micro-processor
Page 93 and 94: 81 The red soils generally exhibit
Page 95 and 96: 83 Chapter 7 Laboratory soils index
Page 97 and 98: 85 According to Johnson and Degraff
Page 99 and 100: 87 Table 7.2. Results of index test
Page 101 and 102: 89 Plate 7.2a. Apparatus for liquid
Page 103 and 104: 91 Activity chart Plasticity index
Page 105 and 106: 93 Table 7.3 (continued). Atterberg
Page 107 and 108: 95 where 7.1.4.4 Results V = volume
Page 109 and 110: 97 A standard classification of soi
Page 111 and 112: 99 Table 7.6. Viscosity and density
Page 113 and 114: 101 Table 7.7, continued. Results o
Page 115 and 116: 103
Page 117 and 118: 105 Plate 7.7a. Shear testing showi
Page 119 and 120: 107 Shear stress / Displacement Cur
Page 121 and 122: 109 Table 7.10. Distribution and/ o
Page 123 and 124: 111 illustrated in Figures 7.6, 7.7
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113 Black clays Cohesion c´ (kN/m
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115 7.4 Oedometer consolidation tes
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117 The compound coefficient, K/ρw
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119 Primary consolidation is a time
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121 where w (%) = moisture content
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123 Relationships between values of
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125 Plate 7.8. Oedometer consolidat
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127 Cumulative log-time/settlement
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129 Ranges of values of coefficient
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131 is most probably due to the ten
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133 The results of correlation show
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135 by differences in lithology, mi
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137 Black clays and red soils Swell
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139 Testing procedure involved cutt
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141 Black clays Swelling pressure S
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143 Black clays: P (kPa) vs S (%) P
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145 The same relationship is repres
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147 Alternatively, percentage swell
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149 Combined sample results: S % vs
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151 Black clays: Greek method P% =
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153 partly produced by effects of w
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155 Chapter 8 Distribution of index
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157 the study area, respectively. R
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159 Liquid limit variation; 0,50m a
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161 Liquid limit (LL) variation (>
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163 (8.6). The few isolated patches
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165 Similarly, soil thicknesses of
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167 Free swell variation; 0,50m dep
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169 fraction at the two depth inter
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171 Variation of fines (%), < 0,50m
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173 %coarse % coarse fraction varia
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175 1°19´S 22 Shear angle variati
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177 9.2 Grain size distribution The
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179 rapid dissipation of pore water
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Chapter 10 181 Correlation of index
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183 Black clays; plasticity index/
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185 On the other hand, laboratory m
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187 Red clays; measured/ calculated
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189 These two relationships could b
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191 Diagram: PImeasured/ PIcalculat
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193 Table 10.5, continued. Calculat
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195 Table 10.6. Calculated and labo
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197 The swelling capability in term
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199 Free swell/ clay fraction Free
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201 There has also been a decrease
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203 PI = 1,88*LS A comparison of pl
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205 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
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207 Chapter 12 Recommendations Anal
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209 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
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211 References Abebe, S. T., 2002.
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213 Galster, R.W., 1977. A system o
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215 Mitchell, J.K., 1993. Fundament
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217 ------,1964. Long term stabilit
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Appendix A: Oedometer consolidation
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Table A7. Consolidation parameters
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Results of swelling tests on black
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Appendix D Distribution/ variation
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 1000 Distance (m) We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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Appendix E Geotechnical soil map of
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