218 Thomson Scientific Instruments Pty Ltd. & Fa.Getac, 1995. Hardware for High Perform<strong>an</strong>ce X-ray Micro-<strong>an</strong>alysis (EDX:WINEDS) <strong>an</strong>d S<strong>of</strong>tware (Wineds 3.0; Edisson 32) for Element Analysis. Tilford, N.R., 1994. Site selection: past <strong>an</strong>d present. Bull. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 31:157-169. Tilley, C.E., 1956. Nepheline-alkali feldspar paragenesis. Am. J. Sci. 252. Tschebotari<strong>of</strong>f, G. P., (1951). Soil Mech<strong>an</strong>ics, Foundations <strong>an</strong>d Earth Structures. McGraw-Hill, New York. Tsiambaos, G. <strong>an</strong>d Tsaligopoulos, CH., 1995. A proposed method <strong>of</strong> estimating the swelling characteristics <strong>of</strong> soils (examples from Greece). Bull. IAEG, 52: 109-115, Paris. Verstappen, H.Th., 1980. Applied Geomorphology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 437 pp. Walker, E. E, 1903. Report on the geology <strong>of</strong> the East Africa Protectorate. Africa 11 (Cd. 1769). Wetherill, G. B., 1966. Sequential methods in statistics. London: Methuen. Williams, L. A. J, 1967. In Nairobi: city <strong>an</strong>d region. 1-13 (W. T. W. Morg<strong>an</strong> ed). Oxford Univ. Press, London. Willis, B, 1936. East Afric<strong>an</strong> plateaus <strong>an</strong>d rift valleys. Carnegie Institute, Washington. Wood, D. M. <strong>an</strong>d Wroth, C. P., 1978. The use <strong>of</strong> the cone penetrometer to determine the plastic limit <strong>of</strong> soils. Ground Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3.
Appendix A: Oedometer consolidation tests Complete results for the loading/ unloading stages <strong>of</strong> black <strong>clays</strong> <strong>an</strong>d red soils Table A1. Consolidation parameters for black <strong>clays</strong>, Sample No. SA2-70cm. Calculation sheet Sample No.: SA2-70cm P (kPa) DH (mm) E (%) e av ( m²/kN) mv (m²/MN) t50 (min) Cv (m²/year) K (m/s) Cc Cs Cα 0 0,000 0,000 0,709 - - - - - - 100 0,043 0,307 0,704 0,000052 0,031 1,00 5,080 4,837E-11 0,30 0,070 0,0002 200 0,408 2,914 0,659 0,000446 0,262 9,50 0,519 4,210E-11 0,004 400 0,935 6,679 0,595 0,000322 0,194 28,00 0,165 9,914E-12 0,007 800 1,556 11,114 0,519 0,000190 0,119 60,00 0,070 2,597E-12 0,009 1600 2,292 16,371 0,429 0,000112 0,074 60,00 0,063 1,448E-12 0,011 2400 2,708 19,343 0,379 0,000063 0,044 95,00 0,036 4,983E-13 0,007 1600 2,601 18,579 0,392 400 1,942 13,871 0,472 100 1,235 8,821 0,558 Table A2. Consolidation parameters for black <strong>clays</strong>, Sample No. SA37-50cm. Calculation sheet Sample No.: SA37-50cm P (kPa) DH (mm) E (%) e av ( m²/kN) mv (m²/MN) t50 (min) Cv (m²/year) K (m/s) Cc Cs Cα 0 0,000 0,000 1,098 - - - - - - 25 0,258 1,843 1,060 0,001547 0,737 2,90 1,725 3,942E-10 0,003 50 0,813 5,807 0,977 0,003328 1,615 7,00 0,673 3,372E-10 0,40 0,08 0,004 100 1,511 10,793 0,872 0,002092 1,059 12,00 0,357 1,172E-10 0,008 200 2,283 16,307 0,756 0,001157 0,618 27,00 0,141 2,703E-11 0,010 400 3,085 22,036 0,636 0,000601 0,342 45,00 0,074 7,849E-12 0,015 800 3,875 27,679 0,518 0,000296 0,181 55,00 0,052 2,935E-12 0,017 1600 4,290 30,643 0,455 0,000078 0,051 95,00 0,027 4,275E-13 100 3,700 26,429 0,544 25 3,400 24,286 0,589 12 3,087 22,050 0,636 Table A3. Consolidation parameters for black <strong>clays</strong>, Sample No. SB1-70cm. P (kPa) DH (mm) E (%) e av ( m²/kN) mv (m²/MN) t50 (min) Cv (m²/year) K (m/s) Cc Cs Cα 0 0,000 0,000 1,045 - - - - - - 50 0,259 1,850 1,007 0,000757 0,370 0,48 10,421 1,195E-09 0,0002 100 0,770 5,500 0,933 0,001493 0,744 2,00 2,364 5,451E-10 0,002 200 1,585 11,321 0,814 0,001191 0,616 1,80 2,375 4,535E-10 0,3 0,043 0,004 400 2,320 16,571 0,706 0,000537 0,296 11,00 0,343 3,148E-11 0,005 800 2,725 19,464 0,647 0,000148 0,087 18,00 0,190 5,113E-12 0,006 1600 3,303 23,593 0,563 0,000106 0,064 40,00 0,078 1,558E-12 0,012 2400 3,638 25,986 0,514 0,000061 0,039 92,00 0,031 3,802E-13 0,008 1600 3,605 25,750 0,518 400 3,321 23,721 0,560 50 2,666 19,043 0,656
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AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
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i Contents Page Acknowledgements Su
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iii Chapter 8. Distribution of inde
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v 7.29 - 7.33 Correlation between s
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vii 136 139 7.13 Compressibility cl
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ix Acknowledgements I would like to
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
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Figure1.1 Map of Nairobi region sho
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5 Plates 1.2 (a) & (b) Strong shrin
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7 Available literature in the form
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9 slopes. The northern boundary bet
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11 1.6 Climate The Nairobi area and
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13 marked daily range of relative h
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15 Chapter 2 Previous works 2.1 Sum
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17 Table 2.1 Stratigraphic correlat
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19 Chapter 3 Geology 3.1 Introducti
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21 metamorphic minerals sillimanite
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25 and prismatic apatite occur as a
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27 Table 3.2 Chemical analyses of s
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29 caused by partial segregation of
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32 could otherwise lead to erroneou
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34 The red soils in this study occu
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36 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
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38 4.4 Vane test 4.4.1 Introduction
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40 Table 4.1 Classification of soft
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42 The variation of vane shear stre
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44 And thirdly, the field vane appa
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46 horizon, most probably a result
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49 The red friable clays on the who
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51 Results of chemical analyses of
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53 Results of previous soil classif
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55 neighbouring metamorphic areas a
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57 Table 5.10. Profile description
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59 The presence of BaO in the red a
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61 resulted most probably from supp
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63 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SC 17 -5
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65 sericite and chlorite (see next
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67 Q: Quartz (1%) H: Haematite K: K
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69 Plate 6.3. K-feldspar phenocryst
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71 The trachytes generally show a r
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73 Plate 6.16. Organic matter (rema
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75 Plate 6.24. Solution pores/ cavi
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77 Plate 6.29. Iron concretion with
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79 The CS-225 is a micro-processor
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81 The red soils generally exhibit
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83 Chapter 7 Laboratory soils index
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85 According to Johnson and Degraff
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87 Table 7.2. Results of index test
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89 Plate 7.2a. Apparatus for liquid
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91 Activity chart Plasticity index
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93 Table 7.3 (continued). Atterberg
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95 where 7.1.4.4 Results V = volume
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97 A standard classification of soi
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99 Table 7.6. Viscosity and density
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101 Table 7.7, continued. Results o
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103
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105 Plate 7.7a. Shear testing showi
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107 Shear stress / Displacement Cur
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109 Table 7.10. Distribution and/ o
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111 illustrated in Figures 7.6, 7.7
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113 Black clays Cohesion c´ (kN/m
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115 7.4 Oedometer consolidation tes
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117 The compound coefficient, K/ρw
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119 Primary consolidation is a time
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121 where w (%) = moisture content
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123 Relationships between values of
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125 Plate 7.8. Oedometer consolidat
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127 Cumulative log-time/settlement
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129 Ranges of values of coefficient
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131 is most probably due to the ten
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133 The results of correlation show
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135 by differences in lithology, mi
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137 Black clays and red soils Swell
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139 Testing procedure involved cutt
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141 Black clays Swelling pressure S
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143 Black clays: P (kPa) vs S (%) P
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145 The same relationship is repres
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147 Alternatively, percentage swell
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149 Combined sample results: S % vs
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151 Black clays: Greek method P% =
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153 partly produced by effects of w
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155 Chapter 8 Distribution of index
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157 the study area, respectively. R
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159 Liquid limit variation; 0,50m a
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161 Liquid limit (LL) variation (>
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163 (8.6). The few isolated patches
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165 Similarly, soil thicknesses of
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- Page 223 and 224: 211 References Abebe, S. T., 2002.
- Page 225 and 226: 213 Galster, R.W., 1977. A system o
- Page 227 and 228: 215 Mitchell, J.K., 1993. Fundament
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- Page 233 and 234: Table A7. Consolidation parameters
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