an engineering geological characterisation of tropical clays - GBV

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218 Thomson Scientific Instruments Pty Ltd. & Fa.Getac, 1995. Hardware for High Performance X-ray Micro-analysis (EDX:WINEDS) and Software (Wineds 3.0; Edisson 32) for Element Analysis. Tilford, N.R., 1994. Site selection: past and present. Bull. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 31:157-169. Tilley, C.E., 1956. Nepheline-alkali feldspar paragenesis. Am. J. Sci. 252. Tschebotarioff, G. P., (1951). Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Earth Structures. McGraw-Hill, New York. Tsiambaos, G. and Tsaligopoulos, CH., 1995. A proposed method of estimating the swelling characteristics of soils (examples from Greece). Bull. IAEG, 52: 109-115, Paris. Verstappen, H.Th., 1980. Applied Geomorphology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 437 pp. Walker, E. E, 1903. Report on the geology of the East Africa Protectorate. Africa 11 (Cd. 1769). Wetherill, G. B., 1966. Sequential methods in statistics. London: Methuen. Williams, L. A. J, 1967. In Nairobi: city and region. 1-13 (W. T. W. Morgan ed). Oxford Univ. Press, London. Willis, B, 1936. East African plateaus and rift valleys. Carnegie Institute, Washington. Wood, D. M. and Wroth, C. P., 1978. The use of the cone penetrometer to determine the plastic limit of soils. Ground Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3.
Appendix A: Oedometer consolidation tests Complete results for the loading/ unloading stages of black clays and red soils Table A1. Consolidation parameters for black clays, Sample No. SA2-70cm. Calculation sheet Sample No.: SA2-70cm P (kPa) DH (mm) E (%) e av ( m²/kN) mv (m²/MN) t50 (min) Cv (m²/year) K (m/s) Cc Cs Cα 0 0,000 0,000 0,709 - - - - - - 100 0,043 0,307 0,704 0,000052 0,031 1,00 5,080 4,837E-11 0,30 0,070 0,0002 200 0,408 2,914 0,659 0,000446 0,262 9,50 0,519 4,210E-11 0,004 400 0,935 6,679 0,595 0,000322 0,194 28,00 0,165 9,914E-12 0,007 800 1,556 11,114 0,519 0,000190 0,119 60,00 0,070 2,597E-12 0,009 1600 2,292 16,371 0,429 0,000112 0,074 60,00 0,063 1,448E-12 0,011 2400 2,708 19,343 0,379 0,000063 0,044 95,00 0,036 4,983E-13 0,007 1600 2,601 18,579 0,392 400 1,942 13,871 0,472 100 1,235 8,821 0,558 Table A2. Consolidation parameters for black clays, Sample No. SA37-50cm. Calculation sheet Sample No.: SA37-50cm P (kPa) DH (mm) E (%) e av ( m²/kN) mv (m²/MN) t50 (min) Cv (m²/year) K (m/s) Cc Cs Cα 0 0,000 0,000 1,098 - - - - - - 25 0,258 1,843 1,060 0,001547 0,737 2,90 1,725 3,942E-10 0,003 50 0,813 5,807 0,977 0,003328 1,615 7,00 0,673 3,372E-10 0,40 0,08 0,004 100 1,511 10,793 0,872 0,002092 1,059 12,00 0,357 1,172E-10 0,008 200 2,283 16,307 0,756 0,001157 0,618 27,00 0,141 2,703E-11 0,010 400 3,085 22,036 0,636 0,000601 0,342 45,00 0,074 7,849E-12 0,015 800 3,875 27,679 0,518 0,000296 0,181 55,00 0,052 2,935E-12 0,017 1600 4,290 30,643 0,455 0,000078 0,051 95,00 0,027 4,275E-13 100 3,700 26,429 0,544 25 3,400 24,286 0,589 12 3,087 22,050 0,636 Table A3. Consolidation parameters for black clays, Sample No. SB1-70cm. P (kPa) DH (mm) E (%) e av ( m²/kN) mv (m²/MN) t50 (min) Cv (m²/year) K (m/s) Cc Cs Cα 0 0,000 0,000 1,045 - - - - - - 50 0,259 1,850 1,007 0,000757 0,370 0,48 10,421 1,195E-09 0,0002 100 0,770 5,500 0,933 0,001493 0,744 2,00 2,364 5,451E-10 0,002 200 1,585 11,321 0,814 0,001191 0,616 1,80 2,375 4,535E-10 0,3 0,043 0,004 400 2,320 16,571 0,706 0,000537 0,296 11,00 0,343 3,148E-11 0,005 800 2,725 19,464 0,647 0,000148 0,087 18,00 0,190 5,113E-12 0,006 1600 3,303 23,593 0,563 0,000106 0,064 40,00 0,078 1,558E-12 0,012 2400 3,638 25,986 0,514 0,000061 0,039 92,00 0,031 3,802E-13 0,008 1600 3,605 25,750 0,518 400 3,321 23,721 0,560 50 2,666 19,043 0,656
Page 1 and 2:
AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
Page 3 and 4:
i Contents Page Acknowledgements Su
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iii Chapter 8. Distribution of inde
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v 7.29 - 7.33 Correlation between s
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vii 136 139 7.13 Compressibility cl
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ix Acknowledgements I would like to
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
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Figure1.1 Map of Nairobi region sho
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5 Plates 1.2 (a) & (b) Strong shrin
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7 Available literature in the form
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9 slopes. The northern boundary bet
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11 1.6 Climate The Nairobi area and
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13 marked daily range of relative h
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15 Chapter 2 Previous works 2.1 Sum
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17 Table 2.1 Stratigraphic correlat
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19 Chapter 3 Geology 3.1 Introducti
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21 metamorphic minerals sillimanite
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25 and prismatic apatite occur as a
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27 Table 3.2 Chemical analyses of s
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29 caused by partial segregation of
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32 could otherwise lead to erroneou
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34 The red soils in this study occu
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36 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
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38 4.4 Vane test 4.4.1 Introduction
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40 Table 4.1 Classification of soft
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42 The variation of vane shear stre
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44 And thirdly, the field vane appa
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46 horizon, most probably a result
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49 The red friable clays on the who
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51 Results of chemical analyses of
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53 Results of previous soil classif
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55 neighbouring metamorphic areas a
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57 Table 5.10. Profile description
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59 The presence of BaO in the red a
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61 resulted most probably from supp
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63 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SC 17 -5
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65 sericite and chlorite (see next
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67 Q: Quartz (1%) H: Haematite K: K
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69 Plate 6.3. K-feldspar phenocryst
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71 The trachytes generally show a r
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73 Plate 6.16. Organic matter (rema
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75 Plate 6.24. Solution pores/ cavi
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77 Plate 6.29. Iron concretion with
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79 The CS-225 is a micro-processor
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81 The red soils generally exhibit
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83 Chapter 7 Laboratory soils index
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85 According to Johnson and Degraff
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87 Table 7.2. Results of index test
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89 Plate 7.2a. Apparatus for liquid
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91 Activity chart Plasticity index
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93 Table 7.3 (continued). Atterberg
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95 where 7.1.4.4 Results V = volume
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97 A standard classification of soi
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99 Table 7.6. Viscosity and density
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101 Table 7.7, continued. Results o
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103
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105 Plate 7.7a. Shear testing showi
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107 Shear stress / Displacement Cur
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109 Table 7.10. Distribution and/ o
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111 illustrated in Figures 7.6, 7.7
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113 Black clays Cohesion c´ (kN/m
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115 7.4 Oedometer consolidation tes
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117 The compound coefficient, K/ρw
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119 Primary consolidation is a time
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121 where w (%) = moisture content
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123 Relationships between values of
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125 Plate 7.8. Oedometer consolidat
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127 Cumulative log-time/settlement
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129 Ranges of values of coefficient
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131 is most probably due to the ten
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133 The results of correlation show
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135 by differences in lithology, mi
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137 Black clays and red soils Swell
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139 Testing procedure involved cutt
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141 Black clays Swelling pressure S
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143 Black clays: P (kPa) vs S (%) P
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145 The same relationship is repres
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147 Alternatively, percentage swell
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149 Combined sample results: S % vs
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151 Black clays: Greek method P% =
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153 partly produced by effects of w
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155 Chapter 8 Distribution of index
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157 the study area, respectively. R
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159 Liquid limit variation; 0,50m a
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161 Liquid limit (LL) variation (>
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163 (8.6). The few isolated patches
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165 Similarly, soil thicknesses of
Page 179 and 180: 167 Free swell variation; 0,50m dep
Page 181 and 182: 169 fraction at the two depth inter
Page 183 and 184: 171 Variation of fines (%), < 0,50m
Page 185 and 186: 173 %coarse % coarse fraction varia
Page 187 and 188: 175 1°19´S 22 Shear angle variati
Page 189 and 190: 177 9.2 Grain size distribution The
Page 191 and 192: 179 rapid dissipation of pore water
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 10 181 Correlation of index
Page 195 and 196: 183 Black clays; plasticity index/
Page 197 and 198: 185 On the other hand, laboratory m
Page 199 and 200: 187 Red clays; measured/ calculated
Page 201 and 202: 189 These two relationships could b
Page 203 and 204: 191 Diagram: PImeasured/ PIcalculat
Page 205 and 206: 193 Table 10.5, continued. Calculat
Page 207 and 208: 195 Table 10.6. Calculated and labo
Page 209 and 210: 197 The swelling capability in term
Page 211 and 212: 199 Free swell/ clay fraction Free
Page 213 and 214: 201 There has also been a decrease
Page 215 and 216: 203 PI = 1,88*LS A comparison of pl
Page 217 and 218: 205 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 219 and 220: 207 Chapter 12 Recommendations Anal
Page 221 and 222: 209 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 223 and 224: 211 References Abebe, S. T., 2002.
Page 225 and 226: 213 Galster, R.W., 1977. A system o
Page 227 and 228: 215 Mitchell, J.K., 1993. Fundament
Page 229: 217 ------,1964. Long term stabilit
Page 233 and 234: Table A7. Consolidation parameters
Page 235 and 236: Results of swelling tests on black
Page 237 and 238: Appendix D Distribution/ variation
Page 239 and 240: 4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
Page 241 and 242: 4000 3000 2000 1000 Distance (m) We
Page 259 and 260: Appendix E Geotechnical soil map of
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