an engineering geological characterisation of tropical clays - GBV

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214 Kaye, G. W. C. and Laby, T. H., 1973. Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 14 th edition. Longmans, London. Kenya Meteorological Department, 2001. The climate of Nairobi city and surrounding areas. Koch, G. S. and Link, R. F., 1970. Statistical analysis of geological data. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley. Krenkel, E, 1925. Geologie Afrikas, Vol. 1. Berlin: Borntaeger. Krumbein, W. C. and Graybill, F. A., 1965. An introduction to statistical models in geology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kunzli, E, 1901. Die petrographische ausbente der Schöllerschen expedition in Aequatorial – Östafrica (Masailand).. Vjschr naturf. Ges. Zurich 46, 128-172. Lacroix, A., 1923. Mineralogie de Madagascar 3. Paris: Challamel. Lambe, T. W. and Whitman, R. V., 1969. Soil Mechanics. Wiley, New York. -----, 1979. Soil Mechanics. S.I. Version, Wiley, New York. Leonards, G. A. (ed.), 1962. Foundation Engineering, Chapter 2. McGraw-Hill, New York. Lewis, W. A. and Ross, N. F., 1955. An investigation of the relationship between the shear strength of remoulded cohesive soil and the soil moisture suction. Unpublished Research Note No. RN/2389/WAL.NFR. Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berks. Maharaj, R.J., 1995. Engineering - geological mapping of tropical soils of Jamaica. Eng. Geol., 40: 243-286. Manga, S.R., 1988. Site investigation report for I.C.D.C Investment Building, Uhuru Highway, Nairobi. Maufe, H. B, 1908. Reports relating to the geology of the East Africa Protectorate. Colon. Rep. misc. Ser. 45. Matheson, F. J., 1966. Geology of the Kajiado area. Rep. geol. Surv. Kenya 70. McCall, G. J. H., 1962. Froth-flow lavas resembling ignimbrites in the East African Rift Valley. Nature 194, 343-344. -----, 1964. Froth flows in Kenya. Geol. Rundsch. 54, 1148-1195. MacDonald, D. H. and Skempton, A. W., 1955. A survey of comparisons between calculated and observed settlements of structures on clay. Paper No. 19. Conf. on Correlation Between Calculated and Observed Stresses and Displacements in Building. Inst. Civ. Eng., London. Meyer, S. L., 1975. Data analysis for scientists and engineers, 167-9, 342-9. New York: Wiley. Mines and Geological Department, Nairobi, 2001. Unpublished geological works covering Nairobi and its environs.
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Page 1 and 2:
AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
Page 3 and 4:
i Contents Page Acknowledgements Su
Page 5 and 6:
iii Chapter 8. Distribution of inde
Page 7 and 8:
v 7.29 - 7.33 Correlation between s
Page 9 and 10:
vii 136 139 7.13 Compressibility cl
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ix Acknowledgements I would like to
Page 13 and 14:
1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
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Figure1.1 Map of Nairobi region sho
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5 Plates 1.2 (a) & (b) Strong shrin
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7 Available literature in the form
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9 slopes. The northern boundary bet
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11 1.6 Climate The Nairobi area and
Page 25 and 26:
13 marked daily range of relative h
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15 Chapter 2 Previous works 2.1 Sum
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17 Table 2.1 Stratigraphic correlat
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19 Chapter 3 Geology 3.1 Introducti
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21 metamorphic minerals sillimanite
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25 and prismatic apatite occur as a
Page 39 and 40:
27 Table 3.2 Chemical analyses of s
Page 41 and 42:
29 caused by partial segregation of
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32 could otherwise lead to erroneou
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34 The red soils in this study occu
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36 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
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38 4.4 Vane test 4.4.1 Introduction
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40 Table 4.1 Classification of soft
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42 The variation of vane shear stre
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44 And thirdly, the field vane appa
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46 horizon, most probably a result
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49 The red friable clays on the who
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51 Results of chemical analyses of
Page 65 and 66:
53 Results of previous soil classif
Page 67 and 68:
55 neighbouring metamorphic areas a
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57 Table 5.10. Profile description
Page 71 and 72:
59 The presence of BaO in the red a
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61 resulted most probably from supp
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63 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SC 17 -5
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65 sericite and chlorite (see next
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67 Q: Quartz (1%) H: Haematite K: K
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69 Plate 6.3. K-feldspar phenocryst
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71 The trachytes generally show a r
Page 85 and 86:
73 Plate 6.16. Organic matter (rema
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75 Plate 6.24. Solution pores/ cavi
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77 Plate 6.29. Iron concretion with
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79 The CS-225 is a micro-processor
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81 The red soils generally exhibit
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83 Chapter 7 Laboratory soils index
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85 According to Johnson and Degraff
Page 99 and 100:
87 Table 7.2. Results of index test
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89 Plate 7.2a. Apparatus for liquid
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91 Activity chart Plasticity index
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93 Table 7.3 (continued). Atterberg
Page 107 and 108:
95 where 7.1.4.4 Results V = volume
Page 109 and 110:
97 A standard classification of soi
Page 111 and 112:
99 Table 7.6. Viscosity and density
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101 Table 7.7, continued. Results o
Page 115 and 116:
103
Page 117 and 118:
105 Plate 7.7a. Shear testing showi
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107 Shear stress / Displacement Cur
Page 121 and 122:
109 Table 7.10. Distribution and/ o
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111 illustrated in Figures 7.6, 7.7
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113 Black clays Cohesion c´ (kN/m
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115 7.4 Oedometer consolidation tes
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117 The compound coefficient, K/ρw
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119 Primary consolidation is a time
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121 where w (%) = moisture content
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123 Relationships between values of
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125 Plate 7.8. Oedometer consolidat
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127 Cumulative log-time/settlement
Page 141 and 142:
129 Ranges of values of coefficient
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131 is most probably due to the ten
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133 The results of correlation show
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135 by differences in lithology, mi
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137 Black clays and red soils Swell
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139 Testing procedure involved cutt
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141 Black clays Swelling pressure S
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143 Black clays: P (kPa) vs S (%) P
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145 The same relationship is repres
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147 Alternatively, percentage swell
Page 161 and 162:
149 Combined sample results: S % vs
Page 163 and 164:
151 Black clays: Greek method P% =
Page 165 and 166:
153 partly produced by effects of w
Page 167 and 168:
155 Chapter 8 Distribution of index
Page 169 and 170:
157 the study area, respectively. R
Page 171 and 172:
159 Liquid limit variation; 0,50m a
Page 173 and 174:
161 Liquid limit (LL) variation (>
Page 175 and 176: 163 (8.6). The few isolated patches
Page 177 and 178: 165 Similarly, soil thicknesses of
Page 179 and 180: 167 Free swell variation; 0,50m dep
Page 181 and 182: 169 fraction at the two depth inter
Page 183 and 184: 171 Variation of fines (%), < 0,50m
Page 185 and 186: 173 %coarse % coarse fraction varia
Page 187 and 188: 175 1°19´S 22 Shear angle variati
Page 189 and 190: 177 9.2 Grain size distribution The
Page 191 and 192: 179 rapid dissipation of pore water
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 10 181 Correlation of index
Page 195 and 196: 183 Black clays; plasticity index/
Page 197 and 198: 185 On the other hand, laboratory m
Page 199 and 200: 187 Red clays; measured/ calculated
Page 201 and 202: 189 These two relationships could b
Page 203 and 204: 191 Diagram: PImeasured/ PIcalculat
Page 205 and 206: 193 Table 10.5, continued. Calculat
Page 207 and 208: 195 Table 10.6. Calculated and labo
Page 209 and 210: 197 The swelling capability in term
Page 211 and 212: 199 Free swell/ clay fraction Free
Page 213 and 214: 201 There has also been a decrease
Page 215 and 216: 203 PI = 1,88*LS A comparison of pl
Page 217 and 218: 205 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 219 and 220: 207 Chapter 12 Recommendations Anal
Page 221 and 222: 209 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 223 and 224: 211 References Abebe, S. T., 2002.
Page 225: 213 Galster, R.W., 1977. A system o
Page 229 and 230: 217 ------,1964. Long term stabilit
Page 231 and 232: Appendix A: Oedometer consolidation
Page 233 and 234: Table A7. Consolidation parameters
Page 235 and 236: Results of swelling tests on black
Page 237 and 238: Appendix D Distribution/ variation
Page 239 and 240: 4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
Page 241 and 242: 4000 3000 2000 1000 Distance (m) We
Page 259 and 260: Appendix E Geotechnical soil map of
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