an engineering geological characterisation of tropical clays - GBV

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212 BS Code of Practice CP 2001, 1957. Site investigations. British Standards Institution, London; and document No. 76/ 11937, draft revision. BS 1377:1967. Determination of linear shrinkage characteristics of clay soils. British Standards Institution, London. BS 1377:1975. Laboratory determination methods of engineering soil properties. British Standards Institution, London. Casagrande, A., 1958. Notes on the design of the liquid limit device. Geotechnique, Vol. 8, No. 2. ------,1936. The determination of the pre-consolidation load and its practical significance. Proc. 1 st Int. Conf. Soil Mech.,Cambridge, Mass., Vol. 3. -----,1932. The structure of clay and its importance in foundation Engineering. J. Boston Soc. Civ. Eng., Vol. 19. Cheeney, R. F., 1983. Statistical methods in geology for field and laboratory decisions. George Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd., London, UK. Cochran, W. G., 1977. Sampling techniques, 5. New York: Wiley. Coduto, D.P., 1994. Foundation Design, Principles and Practices. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Colombo, P., 1983. Elementi di Geotecnica. Zanichelli Editore S.p.A, Bologna. Collie, E. L, 1912. Plateau of British East Africa. Bull. geol. Soc. Am. 23, 297-316. Colwell, R.N., 1983. Manual of remote sensing. 2nd ed. Davis, E. H. and Poulos, H., 1965. The analysis of settlement under three-dimensional conditions. Symp. on Soft Groud Eng., Inst. Eng. Australia, Brisbane. Day, Robert W., 2001. Soil Testing Manual: procedures, classification data and sampling practices. Mcgraw-Hill. Delaney, M. D., Allman, M. A., Smith, D. W. and Sloan, S. W., 1998. The establishment and monitoring of expansive soil field sites. Geotechnical Site Characterisation, Balkema, Rotterdam. Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) e.V., 1980. Flügelsondierung nach DIN 4096-FS 50. DIN Taschenbuch 113, 1998. Erkundung und Untersuchung des Baugrunds. Dumbleton, M. J., 1967. Origin and mineralogy of African red clays and Keuper Marl. Q. J. Eng. Geol. 1, 39-45. Evernden, J. F., Curtiss, G. H. and Miller, 1964. Potassium-argon dates of volcanic rocks from Nairobi and the Rift region, Kenya. Am. J. Sci. 262, 145-198. Fa.Point elektronic GmbH Halle/Saale, 1997. Hardware (REM PC Einsteckkarte) for Digital Photo-processing and Software (WinDISS 2.0) for Digital Photography. Fairburn, W.A., 1963. Geology of the North Machakos - Thika Area. Rep. 59, Geol. Surv. Kenya.
213 Galster, R.W., 1977. A system of engineering geology mapping symbols. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 14: 39-47. Gethin - Jones, G.H., 1953. A soil survey of the Coffee Research Station, Ruiru. Rep. Soil Surv. Kenya (not numbered). Gevaerts, E.A.L.,1964. Hydrogeology of the Nairobi area. Tech. Rep. 1. Water Dev. Dept., Nairobi, Kenya. Gibbs, H. J. and Holtz, W. G., 1956. Engineering properties of expansive clays. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Vol. 121, No.1, Paper 2814. Glossop, R. and Skempton, A. W., 1945. Particle size in silts and sands. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Paper No. 5492. Gregory, J.W., 1921. The Great Rift Valley and Geology of East Africa. Seeley Service, London. Häkli, A., 1960. On high – temperature alkali feldspars of some volcanic rocks of Kenya and northern Tanganyika. Compte Rendu Soc. geol. Finland 32, 99-108. Head, K. H., 1988. Manual of soil laboratory testing. Vol. 2: permeability, shear strength and compressibility tests. Pentech Press Ltd., Plymouth, Devon. -------,1984. Manual of soil laboratory testing. Vol. 1: soil classification and compaction tests. Pentech Press, London. Hedberg, H., 1976. An international guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology and usage. Lethia, 5: 297-323. Holtz, R. D. and Kovacs, W. D., 1981. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. IAEG, 1981a. Recommended symbols for engineering geological mapping. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 24: 227-234. -------, 1981b. Rock and soil description for engineering geological mapping. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 24: 235-274. -------, 1976. Engineering geological maps: a guide to their preparation. UNESCO, Paris, 79 pp. ISI (International Scientific Instruments), 1972. Scanning Electron Microscope Leiz, ISI Super 40/3A. ISRM, 1978a. Suggested method for the petrographic description of rocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 15: 41-45. -------, 1978b. Suggested methods for the quantitative descriptions of discontinuities in rock masses. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 15: 319-368. Jasmund, K. and Lagaly, G., 1993. Tonminerale und Tone: Struktur, Eigenschaften, Anwendung und Einsatz in Industrie und Umwelt. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmsatdt. Johnson, Robert B. and Degraff, Jerome V., 1988. Principles of Engineering Geology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Joubert, P., Unpublished. Building materials of Nairobi. Mem. geol. Surv. Kenya.
Page 1 and 2:
AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
Page 3 and 4:
i Contents Page Acknowledgements Su
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iii Chapter 8. Distribution of inde
Page 7 and 8:
v 7.29 - 7.33 Correlation between s
Page 9 and 10:
vii 136 139 7.13 Compressibility cl
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ix Acknowledgements I would like to
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
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Figure1.1 Map of Nairobi region sho
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5 Plates 1.2 (a) & (b) Strong shrin
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7 Available literature in the form
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9 slopes. The northern boundary bet
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11 1.6 Climate The Nairobi area and
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13 marked daily range of relative h
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15 Chapter 2 Previous works 2.1 Sum
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17 Table 2.1 Stratigraphic correlat
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19 Chapter 3 Geology 3.1 Introducti
Page 33:
21 metamorphic minerals sillimanite
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25 and prismatic apatite occur as a
Page 39 and 40:
27 Table 3.2 Chemical analyses of s
Page 41 and 42:
29 caused by partial segregation of
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32 could otherwise lead to erroneou
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34 The red soils in this study occu
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36 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
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38 4.4 Vane test 4.4.1 Introduction
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40 Table 4.1 Classification of soft
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42 The variation of vane shear stre
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44 And thirdly, the field vane appa
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46 horizon, most probably a result
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49 The red friable clays on the who
Page 63 and 64:
51 Results of chemical analyses of
Page 65 and 66:
53 Results of previous soil classif
Page 67 and 68:
55 neighbouring metamorphic areas a
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57 Table 5.10. Profile description
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59 The presence of BaO in the red a
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61 resulted most probably from supp
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63 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SC 17 -5
Page 77 and 78:
65 sericite and chlorite (see next
Page 79 and 80:
67 Q: Quartz (1%) H: Haematite K: K
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69 Plate 6.3. K-feldspar phenocryst
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71 The trachytes generally show a r
Page 85 and 86:
73 Plate 6.16. Organic matter (rema
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75 Plate 6.24. Solution pores/ cavi
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77 Plate 6.29. Iron concretion with
Page 91 and 92:
79 The CS-225 is a micro-processor
Page 93 and 94:
81 The red soils generally exhibit
Page 95 and 96:
83 Chapter 7 Laboratory soils index
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85 According to Johnson and Degraff
Page 99 and 100:
87 Table 7.2. Results of index test
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89 Plate 7.2a. Apparatus for liquid
Page 103 and 104:
91 Activity chart Plasticity index
Page 105 and 106:
93 Table 7.3 (continued). Atterberg
Page 107 and 108:
95 where 7.1.4.4 Results V = volume
Page 109 and 110:
97 A standard classification of soi
Page 111 and 112:
99 Table 7.6. Viscosity and density
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101 Table 7.7, continued. Results o
Page 115 and 116:
103
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105 Plate 7.7a. Shear testing showi
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107 Shear stress / Displacement Cur
Page 121 and 122:
109 Table 7.10. Distribution and/ o
Page 123 and 124:
111 illustrated in Figures 7.6, 7.7
Page 125 and 126:
113 Black clays Cohesion c´ (kN/m
Page 127 and 128:
115 7.4 Oedometer consolidation tes
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117 The compound coefficient, K/ρw
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119 Primary consolidation is a time
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121 where w (%) = moisture content
Page 135 and 136:
123 Relationships between values of
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125 Plate 7.8. Oedometer consolidat
Page 139 and 140:
127 Cumulative log-time/settlement
Page 141 and 142:
129 Ranges of values of coefficient
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131 is most probably due to the ten
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133 The results of correlation show
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135 by differences in lithology, mi
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137 Black clays and red soils Swell
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139 Testing procedure involved cutt
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141 Black clays Swelling pressure S
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143 Black clays: P (kPa) vs S (%) P
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145 The same relationship is repres
Page 159 and 160:
147 Alternatively, percentage swell
Page 161 and 162:
149 Combined sample results: S % vs
Page 163 and 164:
151 Black clays: Greek method P% =
Page 165 and 166:
153 partly produced by effects of w
Page 167 and 168:
155 Chapter 8 Distribution of index
Page 169 and 170:
157 the study area, respectively. R
Page 171 and 172:
159 Liquid limit variation; 0,50m a
Page 173 and 174: 161 Liquid limit (LL) variation (>
Page 175 and 176: 163 (8.6). The few isolated patches
Page 177 and 178: 165 Similarly, soil thicknesses of
Page 179 and 180: 167 Free swell variation; 0,50m dep
Page 181 and 182: 169 fraction at the two depth inter
Page 183 and 184: 171 Variation of fines (%), < 0,50m
Page 185 and 186: 173 %coarse % coarse fraction varia
Page 187 and 188: 175 1°19´S 22 Shear angle variati
Page 189 and 190: 177 9.2 Grain size distribution The
Page 191 and 192: 179 rapid dissipation of pore water
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 10 181 Correlation of index
Page 195 and 196: 183 Black clays; plasticity index/
Page 197 and 198: 185 On the other hand, laboratory m
Page 199 and 200: 187 Red clays; measured/ calculated
Page 201 and 202: 189 These two relationships could b
Page 203 and 204: 191 Diagram: PImeasured/ PIcalculat
Page 205 and 206: 193 Table 10.5, continued. Calculat
Page 207 and 208: 195 Table 10.6. Calculated and labo
Page 209 and 210: 197 The swelling capability in term
Page 211 and 212: 199 Free swell/ clay fraction Free
Page 213 and 214: 201 There has also been a decrease
Page 215 and 216: 203 PI = 1,88*LS A comparison of pl
Page 217 and 218: 205 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 219 and 220: 207 Chapter 12 Recommendations Anal
Page 221 and 222: 209 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 223: 211 References Abebe, S. T., 2002.
Page 227 and 228: 215 Mitchell, J.K., 1993. Fundament
Page 229 and 230: 217 ------,1964. Long term stabilit
Page 231 and 232: Appendix A: Oedometer consolidation
Page 233 and 234: Table A7. Consolidation parameters
Page 235 and 236: Results of swelling tests on black
Page 237 and 238: Appendix D Distribution/ variation
Page 239 and 240: 4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
Page 241 and 242: 4000 3000 2000 1000 Distance (m) We
Page 259 and 260: Appendix E Geotechnical soil map of
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