an engineering geological characterisation of tropical clays - GBV

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192 Calculated values of linear shrinkage computed from laboratory liquid limit values using this new relationship are presented in Table (10.5). Table 10.5. Calculated and laboratory measured linear shrinkage values of black clays and red soils. Profile Sample No. LL (%) LS measured (%) LSLL (%) SA1-30cm 78 25 22 A SA1-50cm 75 23 21 SA2-30cm 93 27 28 (black clays) SA2-70cm 90 25 27 SA2-105cm 88 26 26 SA28-30cm 85 25 25 SA28-50cm 89 25 26 SA37-30cm 81 24 23 SA37-50cm 83 26 24 SA37-80cm 85 26 25 SA41-30cm 89 26 26 SA41-50cm 90 24 27 SB1-30cm 82 23 24 B SB1-50cm 84 24 24 SB1-70cm 90 25 27 (black clays) SB5-30cm 81 23 23 SB5-50cm 85 24 25 SB5-70cm 91 26 27 SB7-30cm 83 24 24 SB7-50cm 86 24 25 SB7-70cm 87 25 26 SB18-30cm 82 23 24 SB18-50cm 72 21 20 SB27-30cm 85 24 25 SB27-50cm 88 25 26 SB31-30cm 87 24 26 SB31-50cm 86 25 25 SB41-30cm 89 26 26 SB41-50cm 91 25 27 SB42-30cm 88 25 26 SB42-50cm 91 26 27 SC1-30cm 82 23 24 C SC1-50cm 85 24 25 SC5-30cm 83 23 24 (black clays) SC5-50cm 84 24 24 SC9-30cm 84 24 24 SC9-50cm 85 24 25 SC17-30cm 76 25 21 SC17-50cm 81 24 23 SC25-30cm 88 25 26 SC25-50cm 89 25 26 SC29-30cm 82 25 24 SC29-50cm 80 26 23 SC33-30cm 82 25 24 SC33-50cm 83 26 24 SC41-30cm 85 29 25 SC41-50cm 84 29 24
193 Table 10.5, continued. Calculated and laboratory measured linear shrinkage values of black and red soils. Profile Sample No. LL (%) LS measured (%) LS calculated (%) SD1-30cm 82 26 24 D SD1-50cm 83 27 24 SD1-80cm 91 26 27 (black clays) SD5-30cm 84 26 24 SD5-50cm 84 27 25 SD5-80cm 92 27 28 SD7-30cm 84 27 25 SD7-50cm 86 26 25 SD7-70cm 91 26 27 SD17-30cm 84 24 24 SD17-50cm 84 25 25 SD25-30cm 80 25 23 SD25-50cm 84 25 25 SD29-30cm 85 27 25 SD29-50cm 86 26 25 SD33-30cm 85 27 25 SD33-50cm 86 25 25 SD41-30cm 85 26 25 SD41-50cm 90 26 27 SE1-30cm 82 23 24 E SE1-50cm 85 24 25 SE1-70cm 91 25 27 (black clays) SE5-30cm 85 24 25 SE5-50cm 86 25 25 SE5-70cm 92 26 28 SE13-30cm 86 24 25 SE13-50cm 89 25 26 SE21-30cm 88 25 26 SE21-50cm 90 26 27 SE29-30cm 81 25 23 SE29-50cm 83 26 24 SE37-30cm 85 24 25 SE37-50cm 85 25 25 SE41-30cm 87 25 26 SE41-50cm 88 26 26 Rd1 -30cm 49 10 11 Red soils Rd1-100cm 51 11 12 Rd1-200cm 49 11 11 Rd1-400cm 48 11 10 Rd2-30cm 53 10 13 Rd2-100cm 57 11 14 Rd2-200cm 54 11 13 Rd2-400cm 53 11 13 max 29 28 min 10 10 range 19 18 median 25 25 mode 25 25 mean 24 24 standard dev. 4,30 4,02 covariance 15,88 correlation 0,93
Page 1 and 2:
AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
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i Contents Page Acknowledgements Su
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iii Chapter 8. Distribution of inde
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v 7.29 - 7.33 Correlation between s
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vii 136 139 7.13 Compressibility cl
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ix Acknowledgements I would like to
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
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Figure1.1 Map of Nairobi region sho
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5 Plates 1.2 (a) & (b) Strong shrin
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7 Available literature in the form
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9 slopes. The northern boundary bet
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11 1.6 Climate The Nairobi area and
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13 marked daily range of relative h
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15 Chapter 2 Previous works 2.1 Sum
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17 Table 2.1 Stratigraphic correlat
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19 Chapter 3 Geology 3.1 Introducti
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21 metamorphic minerals sillimanite
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25 and prismatic apatite occur as a
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27 Table 3.2 Chemical analyses of s
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29 caused by partial segregation of
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32 could otherwise lead to erroneou
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34 The red soils in this study occu
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36 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
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38 4.4 Vane test 4.4.1 Introduction
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40 Table 4.1 Classification of soft
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42 The variation of vane shear stre
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44 And thirdly, the field vane appa
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46 horizon, most probably a result
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49 The red friable clays on the who
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51 Results of chemical analyses of
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53 Results of previous soil classif
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55 neighbouring metamorphic areas a
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57 Table 5.10. Profile description
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59 The presence of BaO in the red a
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61 resulted most probably from supp
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63 800 Impulse 700 600 500 SC 17 -5
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65 sericite and chlorite (see next
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67 Q: Quartz (1%) H: Haematite K: K
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69 Plate 6.3. K-feldspar phenocryst
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71 The trachytes generally show a r
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73 Plate 6.16. Organic matter (rema
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75 Plate 6.24. Solution pores/ cavi
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77 Plate 6.29. Iron concretion with
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79 The CS-225 is a micro-processor
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81 The red soils generally exhibit
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83 Chapter 7 Laboratory soils index
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85 According to Johnson and Degraff
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87 Table 7.2. Results of index test
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89 Plate 7.2a. Apparatus for liquid
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91 Activity chart Plasticity index
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93 Table 7.3 (continued). Atterberg
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95 where 7.1.4.4 Results V = volume
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97 A standard classification of soi
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99 Table 7.6. Viscosity and density
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101 Table 7.7, continued. Results o
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103
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105 Plate 7.7a. Shear testing showi
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107 Shear stress / Displacement Cur
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109 Table 7.10. Distribution and/ o
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111 illustrated in Figures 7.6, 7.7
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113 Black clays Cohesion c´ (kN/m
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115 7.4 Oedometer consolidation tes
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117 The compound coefficient, K/ρw
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119 Primary consolidation is a time
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121 where w (%) = moisture content
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123 Relationships between values of
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125 Plate 7.8. Oedometer consolidat
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127 Cumulative log-time/settlement
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129 Ranges of values of coefficient
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131 is most probably due to the ten
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133 The results of correlation show
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135 by differences in lithology, mi
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137 Black clays and red soils Swell
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139 Testing procedure involved cutt
Page 153 and 154: 141 Black clays Swelling pressure S
Page 155 and 156: 143 Black clays: P (kPa) vs S (%) P
Page 157 and 158: 145 The same relationship is repres
Page 159 and 160: 147 Alternatively, percentage swell
Page 161 and 162: 149 Combined sample results: S % vs
Page 163 and 164: 151 Black clays: Greek method P% =
Page 165 and 166: 153 partly produced by effects of w
Page 167 and 168: 155 Chapter 8 Distribution of index
Page 169 and 170: 157 the study area, respectively. R
Page 171 and 172: 159 Liquid limit variation; 0,50m a
Page 173 and 174: 161 Liquid limit (LL) variation (>
Page 175 and 176: 163 (8.6). The few isolated patches
Page 177 and 178: 165 Similarly, soil thicknesses of
Page 179 and 180: 167 Free swell variation; 0,50m dep
Page 181 and 182: 169 fraction at the two depth inter
Page 183 and 184: 171 Variation of fines (%), < 0,50m
Page 185 and 186: 173 %coarse % coarse fraction varia
Page 187 and 188: 175 1°19´S 22 Shear angle variati
Page 189 and 190: 177 9.2 Grain size distribution The
Page 191 and 192: 179 rapid dissipation of pore water
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 10 181 Correlation of index
Page 195 and 196: 183 Black clays; plasticity index/
Page 197 and 198: 185 On the other hand, laboratory m
Page 199 and 200: 187 Red clays; measured/ calculated
Page 201 and 202: 189 These two relationships could b
Page 203: 191 Diagram: PImeasured/ PIcalculat
Page 207 and 208: 195 Table 10.6. Calculated and labo
Page 209 and 210: 197 The swelling capability in term
Page 211 and 212: 199 Free swell/ clay fraction Free
Page 213 and 214: 201 There has also been a decrease
Page 215 and 216: 203 PI = 1,88*LS A comparison of pl
Page 217 and 218: 205 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 219 and 220: 207 Chapter 12 Recommendations Anal
Page 221 and 222: 209 cc = 0,0099(122-LL) for black c
Page 223 and 224: 211 References Abebe, S. T., 2002.
Page 225 and 226: 213 Galster, R.W., 1977. A system o
Page 227 and 228: 215 Mitchell, J.K., 1993. Fundament
Page 229 and 230: 217 ------,1964. Long term stabilit
Page 231 and 232: Appendix A: Oedometer consolidation
Page 233 and 234: Table A7. Consolidation parameters
Page 235 and 236: Results of swelling tests on black
Page 237 and 238: Appendix D Distribution/ variation
Page 239 and 240: 4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
Page 241 and 242: 4000 3000 2000 1000 Distance (m) We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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4000 3000 2000 Distance (m) 1000 We
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Appendix E Geotechnical soil map of
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