The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function and - Harvard University

The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function and - Harvard University The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function and - Harvard University

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164 YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY [Vol. 43, 2000 onance imaging: vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 90:799– 828. Barlow HB. 1986. Why have multiple cortical areas? Vision Res 26:81–90. Barton RA. 1998. Visual specialization and brain evolution in primates. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 265:1933– 1937. Baume JL. 1957. A biologist looks at the sella point. Eur Orthod Soc Trans 33:150–159. Beard KC. 1993. Phylogenetic systematics of the Primatomorpha, with special reference to Dermoptera. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, editors. Mammal phylogeny: placentals. New York: Springer- Verlag. p 129–150. Beckman ME, Jung T-P, Lee S-H, de Jong K, Krishnamurthy AK, Ahalt SC, Cohen KB, Collins MJ. 1995. Variability in the production of quantal vowels revisited. J Acoust Soc Am 97:471–489. Beechey C, Boyd Y, Searle AG. 1998. Brachyrrhine, Br, a mouse craniofacial mutant maps to distal mouse chromosome 17 and is a candidate model for midline cleft syndrome. Mouse Genome 95:692–694. Biegert J. 1957. Der Formwandel der Primatenschädels und seine Beziehungen zur ontogenetischen Entwicklung und den phylogenetischen. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 98:77–199. Biegert J. 1963. The evaluation of characteristics of the skull, hands and feet for primate taxonomy. In: Washburn SL, editor. Classification and human evolution. Chicago: Aldine. p 116–145. Björk A. 1955. Cranial base development. Am J Orthod 41:198–225. Bolk L. 1909. On the position and displacement of the foramen magnum in the Primates. Verh Akad Wet Amst 12:362–377. Bolk L. 1910. On the slope of the foramen magnum in Primates. Verh Akad Wet Amst 12:525–534. Bolk L. 1926. Das Problem der Menschwerdung. Jena: Gustav Fischer. Bookstein F. 1991. Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Bosma JF, editor. 1976. Development of the basicranium. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. Braga J, Crubezy E, Elyaqtine M. 1999. The posterior border of the sphenoid greater wing and its phylogenetic usefulness in human evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:387–399. Brodie AG. 1941. On the growth pattern of the human head from the third month to the eighth year of life. Am J Anat 68:208–262. Brodie AG. 1953. Late growth changes in the human face. Angle Orthod 23:146–157. Bromage TG. 1992. The ontogeny of Pan troglodytes craniofacial architectural relationships and implications for early hominids. J Hum Evol 23:235–251. Butler AB, Hodos W. 1996. Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy, evolution and adaptation. New York: Wiley-Liss. Bütow K-W. 1990. Craniofacial growth disturbance after skull base and associated suture synostoses in the newborn Chacma baboon: a preliminary report. Cleft Palate J 27:241–252. Cameron J. 1924. The cranio-facial axis of Huxley. Part I. Embryological considerations. Trans R Soc Can 18: 115–123. Cameron J. 1927. The main angle of cranial flexion (the nasion-pituitary-basion angle). Am J Phys Anthropol 10:275–279. Cameron J. 1930. Craniometric memoirs. No. II. The human and comparative anatomy of Cameron’s craniofacial axis. J Anat 64:324–336. Carre R, Lindblom B, MacNeilage P. 1994. Acoustic factors in the evolution of the human vocal tract. J Acoust Soc Am 95:2924. Cartmill M. 1970. The orbits of arboreal mammals. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. Cartmill M. 1972. Arboreal adaptations and the origin of the order Primates. In: Tuttle RH, editor. The functional and evolutionary biology of primates. Chicago: Aldine. p 97–122. Cartmill M. 1974. Rethinking primate origins. Science 184:436–443. Cartmill M. 1980. Morphology, function, and evolution of the anthropoid postorbital septum. In: Ciochon RL Chiarelli AB, editors. Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift. New York: Plenum Press. p 243–274. Cartmill M. 1992. New views on primate origins. Evol Anthropol 1:105–111. Chan L-K. 1991. The deduction of the level of the human larynx from bony landmarks: its relevance to the evolution of speech. Hum Evol 6:249–261. Cherniak C. 1995. Neural component placement. Trends Neurosci 18:522–527. Chernoff B, Magwene P. 1999. Morphological integration: forty years later. In: Olson EC, Miller RL, editors. Morphological integration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 319–348. Cheverud JM. 1982. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental morphological integration in the cranium. Evolution 36:499–516. Cheverud JM. 1995. Morphological integration in the saddle back tamarin (Saguinas fuscicollis) cranium. Am Nat 145:63–89. Cheverud JM. 1996. Developmental integration and the evolution of pleiotropy. Am Zool 36:44–50. Cheverud JM, Buikstra J. 1982. Quantitative genetics of skeletal non-metric traits in the rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago III. Relative heritability of skeletal metric and non-metric traits. Am J Phys Anthropol 59:151–155. Cheverud JM, Richtsmeier J. 1986. Finite element scaling applied to sexual dimorphism in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) facial growth. Syst Zool 35:381– 399. Cheverud JM, Dow MM, Leutenegger W. 1985. The quantitative assessment of phylogenetic constraints in comparative analyses: sexual dimorphism in body weight among primates. Evolution 39:1335–1351. Cheverud JM, Wagner GP, Dow MM. 1989. Methods for the comparative analysis of variation patterns. Syst Zool 38:201–213. Cheverud JM, Kohn LAP, Konigsberg LW, Leigh SR. 1992. The effects of fronto-occipital artifical cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:323–345. Couly GF, Coltey PM, Le Douarin NM. 1993. The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates. Development 117:409–429. Cousin RP, Fenart R, Deblock R. 1981. Variations ontogénétiques des angles basicraniens et faciaux. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 8:189–212. Covert HH, Hamrick MW. 1993. Description of new skeletal remains of the early Eocene anaptomorphine primate Absarokius (Omomyidae) and a discussion about its adaptive profile. J Hum Evol 25:351–362. Cramer DL. 1977. Craniofacial morphology of Pan paniscus: a morphometric and evolutionary appraisal. Contrib Primatol 10:1–64. Crelin E. 1969. Anatomy of the newborn: an atlas. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. Crelin ES. 1973. Functional anatomy of the newborn: an atlas. New Haven: Yale University Press.

D.E. Lieberman et al.] PRIMATE CRANIAL BASE 165 Crompton AW, German RZ, Thexton AJ. 1997. Mechanisms of swallowing and airway protection in infant mammals (Sus domesticus and Macaca fascicularis). J Zool Lond 241:89–102. Dabelow A. 1929. Über Korrelationenin der phylogenetischen Entwicklung der Schädelform. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 63:1–49. Dabelow A. 1931. Über Korrelationenin der phylogenetischen Entwicklung der Schädelform. II. Die Beziehungen zwischen Gehirn und Schädelbasisform bei den Mammaliern. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 67:84– 133. Dagosto M. 1988. Implications of postcranial evidence for the origin of euprimates. J Hum Evol 17:35–56. David DJ, Hemmy DC, Cooter RD. 1989. Craniofacial deformities. New York: Springer Verlag. Dean MC. 1988. Growth processes in the cranial base of hominoids and their bearing on the morphological similarities that exist in the cranial base of Homo and Paranthropus. In: Grine FE, editor. Evolutionary history of the “robust” Australopithecines. New York: Aldine. p 107–112. Dean MC, Wood BA. 1981. Metrical analysis of the basicranium of extant hominoids and Australopithecus. Am J Phys Anthropol 59:53–71. Dean MC, Wood BA. 1982. Basicranial anatomy of Plio- Pleistocene hominids from East and South Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 59:157–174. de Beer GR. 1937. The development of the vertebrate skull. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Delattre A, Fenart R. 1956. Le développement du crâne du gorille et du chimpanzé comparé au développement du crâne humain. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 6:159–173. Delattre A, Fenart R. 1963. Études des projections horizontale et vertico-frontales du crâne au cours de l’hominisation. Anthropologie 67:525–561. Demes AB. 1985. Biomechanics of the primate skull base. Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology. Volume 94. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Diewert VM. 1985. Development of human craniofacial morphology during the late embryonic and early fetal periods. Am J Orthod 88:64–76. Dmoch R. 1975. Beiträge zum formenwandel des primatencraniums mit bemerkungen zu den sagittalen knickungsverhältnissen. II Streckenanalyse, I, Neurocranium. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 121:521–601. DuBrul EL. 1950. Posture, locomotion and the skull in Lagomorpha. Am J Anat 87:277–313. DuBrul EL. 1977. Early hominid feeding mechanisms. Am J Phys Anthropol 47:305–320. DuBrul EL. 1979. Origin and adaptations of the hominid jaw joint. In: Sarnat BG, Laskin DM, editors. The temporomandibular jaw joint. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Thomas. p 5–34. DuBrul EL, Laskin DM. 1961. Preadaptive potentialities of the mammalian skull: an experiment in growth and form. Am J Anat 109:117–132. Duckworth WLH. 1904. Studies from the anthropological laboratory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Duckworth WLH. 1915. Morphology and anthropology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Duterloo HS, Enlow DH. 1970. A comparative study of cranial growth in Homo and Macaca. Am J Anat 127:357–368. Enlow DH. 1976. Postnatal growth and development of the face and cranium. In: Cohen B, Kramer IRV, editors. Scientific foundations of dentistry. London: Heinemann. p 29–46. Enlow DH. 1990. Facial growth. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. Enlow DH, Azuma M. 1975. Functional growth boundaries in the human and mammalian face. In: Bergsma D, editor. Morphogenesis and malformation of face and brain. New York: A.R. Liss. p 217–230. Enlow DH, Bhatt MK. 1984. Facial morphology variations associated with head form variations. J Charles Tweed Found 12:21–23. Enlow DH, Hans MG. 1996. Essentials of facial growth. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Fant G. 1960. Acoustic theory of speech production. The Hague: Mouton. Felsenstein J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125:1–15. Fenart R. 1966. Changements morphologiques de l’encéphale, chez le rat amputé des membres antérieurs. J Hirnforsch 8:493–501. Fenart R, Pellerin C. 1988. The vestibular orientation method: its application in the determination of an average human skull type. Int J Anthropol 3:223– 239. Fleagle JG. 1999. Primate adaptation and evolution. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press. Ford EH. 1956. The growth of the foetal skull. J Anat 90:63–72. Ford EH. 1958. Growth of the human cranial base. Am J Orthod 44:498–506. George SL. 1978. A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the growth of the postnatal cranial base angle. Am J Phys Anthropol 49:171–178. German RZ, Crompton AW, McCluskey C, Thexton AJ. 1996. Coordination between respiration and deglutition in a preterm infant mammal, Sus scrofa. Arch Oral Biol 41:619–622. Giles WB, Philips CL, Joondeph DR. 1981. Growth in the basicranial synchondroses of adolescent Macaca mullata. Anat Rec 19:259–266. Gould SJ. 1975. Allometry in primates, with emphasis on scaling and the evolution of the brain. Contrib Primatol 5:244–292. Gould SJ. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge: Belknap Press. Graf W. 1988. Motion detection in physical space and its peripheral and central representation. Ann NY Acad Sci 545:154–169. Graf W, deWaele C, Vidal PP, Wang DH, Evinger C. 1995. The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals. II. Movement strategies. Brain Behav Evol 45:209–231. Hall BK, editor. 1994. Homology: the hierarchical basis of comparative biology. New York: Academic Press. Hamrick MW. 1998. Functional and adaptive significance of primate pads and claws: evidence from New World anthropoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:113– 127. Hamrick MW. 1999. Pattern and process in the evolution of primate nails and claws. J Hum Evol 37:293– 297. Heintz N. 1966. Le crâne des anthropomorphes: croissance relative, variabilité, évolution. Musée Royale de l’Afrique Centrale-Tervuren. Ann Sci Zool 6:1–122. Herring SW. 1993. Epigenetic and functional influences on skull growth. In: Hanken J, Hall BK, editors. The skull. Volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 153–206. Hofer H. 1960. Studien zum Problem des Gestaltwandels des Schädels der Säugetiere, insbesondere der Primaten. I. Die medianen Kruemmundgen des Schädels und ihr Ehrfassung nach Landzert. Z Morphol Anthropol 50:299–316. Hofer H. 1965. Die morphologische Analyse des Schädels des Menschen. In: Hereberer G, editor.

164 YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY [Vol. 43, 2000<br />

onance imaging: vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 90:799–<br />

828.<br />

Barlow HB. 1986. Why have multiple cortical areas?<br />

Vision Res 26:81–90.<br />

Barton RA. 1998. Visual specialization <strong>and</strong> brain evolution<br />

in <strong>primate</strong>s. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 265:1933–<br />

1937.<br />

Baume JL. 1957. A biologist looks at the sella point. Eur<br />

Orthod Soc Trans 33:150–159.<br />

Beard KC. 1993. Phylogenetic systematics of the Primatomorpha,<br />

with special reference to Dermoptera.<br />

In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, editors.<br />

Mammal phylogeny: placentals. New York: Springer-<br />

Verlag. p 129–150.<br />

Beckman ME, Jung T-P, Lee S-H, de Jong K, Krishnamurthy<br />

AK, Ahalt SC, Cohen KB, Collins MJ.<br />

1995. Variability in the production of quantal vowels<br />

revisited. J Acoust Soc Am 97:471–489.<br />

Beechey C, Boyd Y, Searle AG. 1998. Brachyrrhine, Br,<br />

a mouse craniofacial mutant maps to distal mouse<br />

chromosome 17 <strong>and</strong> is a c<strong>and</strong>idate model for midline<br />

cleft syndrome. Mouse Genome 95:692–694.<br />

Biegert J. 1957. Der Formw<strong>and</strong>el der Primatenschädels<br />

und seine Beziehungen zur ontogenetischen Entwicklung<br />

und den phylogenetischen. Gegenbaurs Morphol<br />

Jahrb 98:77–199.<br />

Biegert J. 1963. <strong>The</strong> evaluation of characteristics of the<br />

skull, h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> feet for <strong>primate</strong> taxonomy. In: Washburn<br />

SL, editor. Classification <strong>and</strong> human evolution.<br />

Chicago: Aldine. p 116–145.<br />

Björk A. 1955. Cranial <strong>base</strong> development. Am J Orthod<br />

41:198–225.<br />

Bolk L. 1909. On the position <strong>and</strong> displacement of the<br />

foramen magnum in the Primates. Verh Akad Wet<br />

Amst 12:362–377.<br />

Bolk L. 1910. On the slope of the foramen magnum in<br />

Primates. Verh Akad Wet Amst 12:525–534.<br />

Bolk L. 1926. Das Problem der Menschwerdung. Jena:<br />

Gustav Fischer.<br />

Bookstein F. 1991. Morphometric tools for l<strong>and</strong>mark<br />

data: geometry <strong>and</strong> biology. New York: John Wiley<br />

<strong>and</strong> Sons.<br />

Bosma JF, editor. 1976. Development of the basicranium.<br />

Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.<br />

Braga J, Crubezy E, Elyaqtine M. 1999. <strong>The</strong> posterior<br />

border of the sphenoid greater wing <strong>and</strong> its phylogenetic<br />

usefulness in human evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol<br />

107:387–399.<br />

Brodie AG. 1941. On the growth pattern of the human<br />

head from the third month to the eighth year of life.<br />

Am J Anat 68:208–262.<br />

Brodie AG. 1953. Late growth changes in the human<br />

face. Angle Orthod 23:146–157.<br />

Bromage TG. 1992. <strong>The</strong> <strong>ontogeny</strong> of Pan troglodytes<br />

craniofacial architectural relationships <strong>and</strong> implications<br />

for early hominids. J Hum Evol 23:235–251.<br />

Butler AB, Hodos W. 1996. Comparative vertebrate<br />

neuroanatomy, evolution <strong>and</strong> adaptation. New York:<br />

Wiley-Liss.<br />

Bütow K-W. 1990. Craniofacial growth disturbance after<br />

skull <strong>base</strong> <strong>and</strong> associated suture synostoses in the<br />

newborn Chacma baboon: a preliminary report. Cleft<br />

Palate J 27:241–252.<br />

Cameron J. 1924. <strong>The</strong> cranio-facial axis of Huxley. Part<br />

I. Embryological considerations. Trans R Soc Can 18:<br />

115–123.<br />

Cameron J. 1927. <strong>The</strong> main angle of <strong>cranial</strong> flexion (the<br />

nasion-pituitary-basion angle). Am J Phys Anthropol<br />

10:275–279.<br />

Cameron J. 1930. Craniometric memoirs. No. II. <strong>The</strong><br />

human <strong>and</strong> comparative anatomy of Cameron’s<br />

craniofacial axis. J Anat 64:324–336.<br />

Carre R, Lindblom B, MacNeilage P. 1994. Acoustic<br />

factors in the evolution of the human vocal tract. J<br />

Acoust Soc Am 95:2924.<br />

Cartmill M. 1970. <strong>The</strong> orbits of arboreal mammals.<br />

Ph.D. dissertation, <strong>University</strong> of Chicago.<br />

Cartmill M. 1972. Arboreal adaptations <strong>and</strong> the origin<br />

of the order Primates. In: Tuttle RH, editor. <strong>The</strong> <strong>function</strong>al<br />

<strong>and</strong> evolutionary biology of <strong>primate</strong>s. Chicago:<br />

Aldine. p 97–122.<br />

Cartmill M. 1974. Rethinking <strong>primate</strong> origins. Science<br />

184:436–443.<br />

Cartmill M. 1980. Morphology, <strong>function</strong>, <strong>and</strong> evolution<br />

of the anthropoid postorbital septum. In: Ciochon RL<br />

Chiarelli AB, editors. Evolutionary biology of the New<br />

World monkeys <strong>and</strong> continental drift. New York: Plenum<br />

Press. p 243–274.<br />

Cartmill M. 1992. New views on <strong>primate</strong> origins. Evol<br />

Anthropol 1:105–111.<br />

Chan L-K. 1991. <strong>The</strong> deduction of the level of the human<br />

larynx from bony l<strong>and</strong>marks: its relevance to the<br />

evolution of speech. Hum Evol 6:249–261.<br />

Cherniak C. 1995. Neural component placement.<br />

Trends Neurosci 18:522–527.<br />

Chernoff B, Magwene P. 1999. Morphological integration:<br />

forty years later. In: Olson EC, Miller RL, editors.<br />

Morphological integration. Chicago: <strong>University</strong><br />

of Chicago Press. p 319–348.<br />

Cheverud JM. 1982. Phenotypic, genetic, <strong>and</strong> environmental<br />

morphological integration in the cranium.<br />

Evolution 36:499–516.<br />

Cheverud JM. 1995. Morphological integration in the<br />

saddle back tamarin (Saguinas fuscicollis) cranium.<br />

Am Nat 145:63–89.<br />

Cheverud JM. 1996. Developmental integration <strong>and</strong> the<br />

evolution of pleiotropy. Am Zool 36:44–50.<br />

Cheverud JM, Buikstra J. 1982. Quantitative genetics<br />

of skeletal non-metric traits in the rhesus macaques<br />

on Cayo Santiago III. Relative heritability of skeletal<br />

metric <strong>and</strong> non-metric traits. Am J Phys Anthropol<br />

59:151–155.<br />

Cheverud JM, Richtsmeier J. 1986. Finite element scaling<br />

applied to sexual dimorphism in rhesus macaque<br />

(Macaca mulatta) facial growth. Syst Zool 35:381–<br />

399.<br />

Cheverud JM, Dow MM, Leutenegger W. 1985. <strong>The</strong><br />

quantitative assessment of phylogenetic constraints<br />

in comparative analyses: sexual dimorphism in body<br />

weight among <strong>primate</strong>s. Evolution 39:1335–1351.<br />

Cheverud JM, Wagner GP, Dow MM. 1989. Methods for<br />

the comparative analysis of variation patterns. Syst<br />

Zool 38:201–213.<br />

Cheverud JM, Kohn LAP, Konigsberg LW, Leigh SR.<br />

1992. <strong>The</strong> effects of fronto-occipital artifical <strong>cranial</strong><br />

vault modification on the <strong>cranial</strong> <strong>base</strong> <strong>and</strong> face. Am J<br />

Phys Anthropol 88:323–345.<br />

Couly GF, Coltey PM, Le Douarin NM. 1993. <strong>The</strong> triple<br />

origin of skull in higher vertebrates. Development<br />

117:409–429.<br />

Cousin RP, Fenart R, Deblock R. 1981. Variations ontogénétiques<br />

des angles basicraniens et faciaux. Bull<br />

Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 8:189–212.<br />

Covert HH, Hamrick MW. 1993. Description of new<br />

skeletal remains of the early Eocene anaptomorphine<br />

<strong>primate</strong> Absarokius (Omomyidae) <strong>and</strong> a discussion<br />

about its adaptive profile. J Hum Evol 25:351–362.<br />

Cramer DL. 1977. Craniofacial morphology of Pan paniscus:<br />

a morphometric <strong>and</strong> evolutionary appraisal.<br />

Contrib Primatol 10:1–64.<br />

Crelin E. 1969. Anatomy of the newborn: an atlas. Philadelphia:<br />

Lea <strong>and</strong> Febiger.<br />

Crelin ES. 1973. Functional anatomy of the newborn:<br />

an atlas. New Haven: Yale <strong>University</strong> Press.

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