The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function and - Harvard University
The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function and - Harvard University
The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function and - Harvard University
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D.E. Lieberman et al.]<br />
PRIMATE CRANIAL BASE 135<br />
Fig. 9. Bivariate plot of the measure by Hofer (1969)<br />
of basi<strong>cranial</strong> flexion <strong>and</strong> CBA4 against his measure of<br />
brain flexion. Hofer’s brain angle is the anterior angle<br />
between Forel’s axis, from the most antero-inferior<br />
point on the frontal lobe to the most postero-inferior<br />
point on the occipital lobe, <strong>and</strong> Meynert’s axis, from the<br />
ventral edge of the junction between the pons <strong>and</strong> medulla<br />
to the caudal recess of the interpeduncular fossa.<br />
<strong>The</strong> data of Hofer (1969) measure anterior angles between<br />
lines, rather than the inferior angles favored by<br />
recent workers (e.g., Ross <strong>and</strong> Ravosa, 1993). <strong>The</strong> plotted<br />
data therefore represent the complement of Hofer’s<br />
angles.<br />
the <strong>cranial</strong> <strong>base</strong> along with a slight increase<br />
in CBA; conversely, annular head-binding<br />
tends to cause medio-lateral narrowing <strong>and</strong><br />
antero-posterior elongation of the <strong>cranial</strong><br />
<strong>base</strong>, also with a slight increase in CBA<br />
(Antón, 1989; Cheverud et al., 1992; Kohn et<br />
al., 1993). Natural or experimentally induced<br />
premature closure of sutures (synostoses)<br />
in the <strong>cranial</strong> vault have similarly<br />
predictable effects. For example, bilateral<br />
coronal synostoses cause antero-posterior<br />
shortening of the <strong>cranial</strong> <strong>base</strong> (Babler, 1989;<br />
David et al., 1989), <strong>and</strong> unilateral coronal<br />
synostoses (plagiocephaly) cause marked<br />
asymmetry in the <strong>cranial</strong> vault, <strong>cranial</strong><br />
<strong>base</strong>, <strong>and</strong> face.<br />
Interspecific analyses of the relationship<br />
between brain shape <strong>and</strong> <strong>cranial</strong> <strong>base</strong> shape<br />
in <strong>primate</strong>s are rare. Hofer (1965, 1969)<br />
measured the orientation of the cerebral<br />
hemispheres relative to the brain stem in<br />
<strong>primate</strong>s using two axes: Forel’s axis, from<br />
the most antero-inferior point on the frontal<br />
lobe to the most postero-inferior point on the<br />
occipital lobe, measuring the orientation of<br />
the inferior surface of the cerebral hemispheres;<br />
<strong>and</strong> Meynert’s axis, from the ventral<br />
edge of the junction between the pons<br />
<strong>and</strong> medulla to the caudal recess of the interpeduncular<br />
fossa, quantifying the orientation<br />
of the brain stem. Hofer (1965) also<br />
measured the angle of the midline <strong>cranial</strong><br />
<strong>base</strong> using a modified version of the angle of<br />
L<strong>and</strong>zert (1866), similar to the CBA4 used<br />
by Ross <strong>and</strong> Ravosa (1993).<br />
Figure 9, a plot of the measure by Hofer of<br />
basi<strong>cranial</strong> angle against his measure of<br />
brain angle, illustrates that these variables<br />
are highly correlated <strong>and</strong> scale isometrically<br />
with each other (i.e., have a slope of 1.0). As<br />
the cerebrum flexes on the brain stem, the<br />
planum sphenoideum flexes relative to the<br />
clivus. <strong>The</strong> explanation of Hofer (1969) for<br />
this phenomenon is that the telencephalon<br />
becomes more spherical as it enlarges, to<br />
minimize surface area relative to volume.<br />
An alternative hypothesis is that increasing<br />
the antero-posterior diameter of the head<br />
“would be disastrous, making larger animals<br />
unusually long-headed, <strong>and</strong> would pro-