Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians - Electric Scotland
Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians - Electric Scotland
Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians - Electric Scotland
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
176 t CHAPTER SEVEN<br />
(Luke 22:38). Those two swords represented the temporal power<br />
of the emperor, (which was neither entirely secular, since from<br />
Constantine’s day he was understood to rule over some sort of<br />
idealized Christian commonwealth, nor entirely spiritual, since<br />
both the emperor’s feet were firmly planted in the Roman imperial<br />
tradition) <strong>and</strong> that of the head(s) of the Church, in the East the<br />
patriarch of Constantinople <strong>and</strong> in West the pope in Rome. At its<br />
highest level that duality often appears like h<strong>and</strong>-to-h<strong>and</strong> combat<br />
between powerful individuals, but in the ranks below, the elite of<br />
prestige <strong>and</strong> power in Christendom was unmistakably its clerics,<br />
who controlled its sacramental system <strong>and</strong>, through their possession<br />
of the magisterium or teaching authority, shaped the behavior<br />
<strong>and</strong> beliefs of all <strong>Christians</strong>.<br />
The ministry of the principal sacraments <strong>and</strong> the magisterium<br />
were both spiritual powers possessed by the Christian clergy not<br />
by training, habit, or experience but through the conferred gift of<br />
the Holy Spirit. Neither Judaism nor Sunni <strong>Islam</strong> had a clergy in<br />
anything like the same sense, <strong>and</strong> in both those cultures lawyers<br />
were <strong>and</strong> remain the leaders of the religious community. Rabbis<br />
were the uncontested elite of <strong>Jews</strong> living in both Christian <strong>and</strong><br />
Muslim societies, where they had no genuine secular competition<br />
<strong>and</strong> very few religious rivals—the holy man (tzaddik) was one,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the later “pietist” movements (Hasidism) also challenged mere<br />
legal learning. The rabbi’s prestige arose from his mastery of the<br />
law, which could be certified by the masters or school (yeshiva) he<br />
had attended or simply by the community’s recognition.<br />
Jewish Rabbis <strong>and</strong> <strong>Islam</strong>ic Ulama:<br />
A Comparison with a Difference<br />
It is tempting, then, to see in the Muslim ulama the rabbis of <strong>Islam</strong>.<br />
In a sense the comparison is just. Both groups constituted a relatively<br />
well defined class that enjoyed the power <strong>and</strong> prestige of a<br />
religious elite by reason of their mastery of religious law, <strong>and</strong> both<br />
received a st<strong>and</strong>ardized education in jurisprudence in an institutionalized<br />
setting. Neither were legislators in the strict sense, but