Translation 2816

w Es
FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA
Translation Series No. 2816
Freshwater phytoplankton, taxonomy and biology. Part III:
Cryptophyceae, chloromonadophyceae, dinophyceae. Second edition,
with revised treatment of the Chloromonadophyceàe by B. Fott, and
the latest bibliography
by G. Huber-Pestalozzi
Original title: Das Phytoplankton des Suesswassers, Systematik
und Biologie. 3. Tell: Cryptophyceae, Chloromonadophyceae,
Dinophyceae. 2. Auflage mit Neubearbeitung der
Chloromonadophyceae von Professor Dr. B. Fott, Prag, und
neuestem Literaturverzeichnis
From: Die Binnengewaesser. Einzeldarstellungen aus der Limnologie
und ihren Nachbargebieten. Band XVI. 3. Tell. 2. Auflage.
(Inland Water. Separate Treatments from Limnology and
Related Areas. Vol. 16, Part III. Second Editon
pp. 15-290 passim, 1968
Translated by the Translation Bureau( JJJ)
Multilingual Services Division
Department of the Secretary of State of Canada
Department of the Environment
Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Great Lakes Biolimnology Laboratory
Burlington, Ont.
1973
60 pages typescript

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G, Htaber--Pestal.ozzi
T!TLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS ^ . •^
s:resh,•rater PhJtap7_anlctonp Taxonomy and Lio7.og.,f. Part III:
Gryptoph;rceae. Chloromonadophyceae, 1a1-nonhycz ae. Second edi ti on9
with revised ^-rec`ittnent, of the Chl.oromonadophycean ''ay B. Fott, and
the 1.ate,str bi.b1og
TITLE IN FOnE1GN LANGU,aGr (T:?ANSLITER..TE FOREI•^H Ci;iRA^lchS) .1,-I c)
TITRE EN LA>IGUdETR?NG°_Rè ( TRtYSCRIRE Di CARACTERES ROMAINS) ,^
NIljy+op7lnnVta`Z (i e S ',
IeUSjY a^.3 b-J^;2 vr
u^JS1t^Iila^)^^^ und Bial.o€;J.e• 3. ^.^ell. l;rÿpUOphyce'c,el, (?h}.Oror)anaclol,r.yeF.,a^',
noph,yrca.e. 2., Auflage Mit Neubearbeitung der ;;hloro-moziaclcphyceae
von â•roi'essor Dr. B. Fott, ïrrag, und neuesteri TJit.F)ratiz_r_V^r.,eic::ni.s^
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-REFERENCE IN ENF.I.IS}i REFEREI:CE EN ANGLAIS -^ - ^
Tnl ^^ti`^ ;iC4 V Vi^ cik iii:par ^k. tc ^ï s câ t+ii^L_1 t^iÉ^ il tJlll L.LL1IlU1.C)^^^f
and l^ela^i.od Areas. Vol.. 164 Part :^;^s.. Second edition.
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Title: -Das i'hutopl.ankton des Sue-s:swa:s,sers, SJste>.;iatik
und Biologie. 3. Teil: Cryptophyceae, Ç;hl.oromonad.ophyceae, Dinophyceae.
2,. Auflage mit Ne,ubearbeitun^ d^r t;nloroLnonadophyceae von
Profe.ssor D.s. B. Fott, Prag, und neuestem :Lxte.ratsirverzeichnis.
Reference:
Die Binnengewaesser.. Finzei darstei -lungen aus der
Limnologie und ihren Nachhargeb^jeten. -Band XVI. 3. `r.eil. 2. Auflage.
^1&1.ish Ti.tle: Freshwai;er YhytoPle:nk-ton, Taxonomy and Biology.
Part III: Çryntophyçeae, Chloromonadophyçeae, 7)znoph;rçPae.
Second edition, with -rozTised -treatment of 'the Ch-loromonadophyceae
by B. Pott, and the latest bibliography.
by
C. Huber--Pestalozzi
At this timep
the Cryptononads can be divided into
the. follQwing five famil-^es:
Family I. Cryptochx'y:;i daceae.
A. groove is present, but, there is no g-^il1et. The anterior
end is Qbliquel.y* t.runcated. There are two sw:immin_;
f1ut^;c;1:I.a.
UNIEI?iTLD TrA;a k rl"i-
1'C?i iilÎ{`t6i11e1î1C:;1 t1f1^'3
505-.200-10-31
7 "3Q-? 1-Q2 P-•u,132
TPl ^tl,tt.z;.
•' •8.
IF'

\
a
2
The trichocysts are arranged in the groove. (peripheral
trichocysts have not yet been identified.)
Cryptochrysis.
Family II. Cryptomonadaceae.
Groove and gullet present. Trichocysts lining the
gullet. Peripheral trichocysts have been identified in some
species. Anterior end is obliquely truhcated. There are two
swimming'flagella.
•
• (a) - Colored isrouy): Chromatophores present.
Sàbfamily: Crmntomonadoideae.
Rhodomonas
•
Chroomonas
Cyanomonas
Cryptomonas.
. (b) Colorless oun: Chromatophores absent. Nutrition
• is saprophytic. Subfamily: Chilomonadoideae.
Chilomonas.
. Family III. Cyathomonadaceae.
Chromatophores are absent, nutrition iS holozoic.
Body is flattened, anterior end obliquely truncated, with
.a horizontal gullet ring (trichocysts)..Two swimming flagella
• and one contractile vacuole are present in the-anterior end.
Cyathomonas.

1 IL *
3
Family IV. Katablepharidaceae.
Chromatôphores are absent, nutrition is holozoic.
ventral groove is present which Often'runs around the body
spirally. There are two different flagella (a swimming -flagellum
and a trailing flagellum). Contractile vacuoles in or (16)
below the middle of the cell.
Katablepharis
.Cryptaulax
•
•
•
Family V. Senniaceae.
Body is phaseoliform, with chromatophores and two
'ifieèr. nt .. ventral flagella.
Protochrysis.
Sennia.
•
1111••■••■•••■■■■■■••■
I. A single chromatophore. Cells small. . . Cr. minor 4.
II. Two large, parietal chromatophores, cells larger.
(a) Cells elongatedly phaseoliform. . Cr. commutata 1.
(b) Cells' cuneiform, with rounded posterior-ends.
• -
Cr. Pochmanni 3.
III. Several small orbicular chromatophores. .Cr. polychrysis 2.

Kev for the identification of the species,
(W )
I. Cells are obovoid in profile, broadened in front,
narrowed and rounded in back; an terior .end is obliquely
truncated with slight indentation. Rear view is elongatedly
obovoid, regularly rounded in front and in back. Measure-
-ments: 10-13x 5-8J4 . . . . . . . . . . Rh. lacustris 1.
2. Cells are slightly ovoid in profile, wider in
back than in front, with the anterior end trun+ca#;cd and
slightly emarginated. In the rear view, they are slightly
ovoid or elongatedly elliptical. Chromatophore is frequently
lobate. Measurements: 15-20 x 8-10 JrC ,... t?h. rubra 3.
Cells are fusifor;n in profile, about equally
narrowed and cuspidâte on both ends; dorsal side is highly
arched, while the ventral side is more slightly arched.
Anterior end with no, or only very slight,emargination.
Rear view is similarly fusiform, with the anterior half of
the cell somewhat broader than the posterior. Measurements:
.
12--17 x 9-18 P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Rh. lens 2.
"4.. Cells are obconical in profile, broadened
and rounded in front, with posterior end narrowed, more
or less acuminate, and more or less curved inwards. Measurements:
9-14 x 4-7^4
measures 8-9 x 5-6,M ,
( In the variety nannople_.nc,ticA, which
the posterior end is quite sharply
curved inwards.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rh. minuta 4.

5%
5. Cells are cylindrical to cylindrically obovoid.
Measurements: 15-23 x 6-9.5 jA Rh. tenais 5.
6. Cells are oval, or oblong and cylindrically. -
obovoid„ measuring 14-15.5 x . . Rh. ovalis 6.
. •
• Key for the identification of the species
CZTY
A. Free-living forms.
I. Stigma present; with pyrenoid.
• •
1. Cells are ellipsoidal to cylindrical, with one -
chromatophore. Measurements: 8-12 x 4-6 )w.
Chr.'coer'ulea 1.
2. Cells are broadly ovoid, wider in back than in front, .
measuring 7-10 x 5-714 . . . .Chr. .Rosenbergae 3.-
• 3. Cells are,lproadly oval, with two chromatophores.
Measurements: 13 x 10 ; 3-4 ,t-t thick. Chr. Pochmanni 4.
II. Stigma absent; pyrenoid may be present or absent. .
1. Cells are oblong obovoid, rounded in back, with . one
chromatophore, occasionally two, measurements,
8-20 x 5-10p, Chr. Nordstedtii 2.
2. Ceilb are elongatedly elliptical to cylindrical,.
with two chromatophores and pyrenoid; length, 15,4 ; • -
width, 6 d41 Chr. oblonga 5.

3. Cells are almost spherical, small, measuring 4-7 M
- in diameter . Chr. pulex 6.
4. Cells,are Conical with caudiform posterior end
curved towards the ventral side; chromatophores
leaving the anterior and posterior ends free.
'lleasurements:" 9-12 x 3-4.5 p . . . Chr. caudata 8.
5. Cells are fusiform, rounded in front, cuspidate in
back measuring 7-710 x 4.5-5.5 p . . . Chr. acuta 7.
6. Cells-are obovoid, with cuspidate, reflexed posterior
end and two chromatophores. Large form meaSures
231.x 15-16 J.4 . (Uncertain species.) . .Chr. reflexa 9.
7. Cells are obovoid to . oval, posterior end rounded.
.Relatively large form measures 17-20 x 9-12 p,
8-9 m thick Chr. spec. SKUJA 10.
Endoplanktic form Chr breviciliata 11.
Key to the identification of the species
•
A. Cells without pyrenoids.
I. Cell.color is usually, olive green or yellowish green,
rarely brownish violet.
(a) Cells generally straight,occasiOnally slightly curved,
but not sigmoid.
1. Cells are ellipsoidal. (oval) to slightly ovoid.

7
(Possiblyalso the forms under B, q.v.)
•
ei..)
Anterior end is obliquely truncated in a
distinct.fashion. Upper front corner protrudes
moderately and is broadly rounded l
distinct anterior emargination.
Çells are only slightly flattened. Gullet
ectends a little beyond the middle of the
oell, and, oeçasionally, ventral deflection
is quite distinct..
m‘nts; 14,68 x 8-26M
,
Measure-
7-20 » thick (SKWA),
. or 20,80 x 6-20)4 , 5-18 ft./ thick (accoi-ding
PASÇffl) . C. ovi:tta 1.
p) Anterior end is not obliquely truncated.
r )
Upper front corner does not protrude, and
gnterior emargination is very slight. Post-
@rior end broadly rounded. Gullet extends
g little beyond the middle of the cell,
•
Slightly._ curved . . . Cells measure
9'-14 X 6,-5 ,q . . . . . . Cr. obovoidea 2.
Upper front corner protrudes quite distinctly
.and is broadly rounded, anterior edge is
distinctly bevelled, with very shallow depression,
Gullet extends to the middle of
the cell pr 0. little beyond that point.
V Cells only slightlycompressed. Chromatophores

8
usually brownish violet. Thiophilic
species. Cells measure 12-15 x 7-8 ^1 •
,haseolus 3.
(See also under IV.) .. Cr. n
2. Cells are obovoid (to approximately ellipsoidal).
qCj
Posterior end is only slightly narrowed,
And it either is rounded or has a very
slightly pronounced corner. Cells are mèdiumsized.
-^Ventral and dorsal edges are strongly,
and nearly uniformly, arched, rendering the
cells broadly ovoid. Anterior end is bevelled
moderately and only slightly
emarginated. Cells measure 25-30 x 18-20 M
C. brevis 7.
t^ Ventral edge frequently straight or very
slightly concave. Anterior edge is distinctly
bevelled. Upper front corner protrudes
a little, and is bulky and broadly rounded,
almost semi.circulàr. Emargination is usually
quite shallow. Cells are very slightly
compressed. Gullet appears relatively
.angustate and extends beyond-the middle:
of the cell, lying near the ventral side.
In the anterior part of the ce11 there

1 ,`
• ••
a.-
9
are usually one or two oval bodies.
Cells measure 24-46 x 13-24M 13-20 f?
thick .. Cr. obovata 4.
Ventral edge is freqUently straight or
only slightly convex. Cells are generally
somewhat thinner; dorsal portion usually
more distinctly convex. (In some types of
form, the dorsal and ventral lines are
almost equally distinctly convex, but
the shape of the cell is never broadly
ovoid.) Anterior margin is usually quite
ti
ally very slight. Upper front corner is
. slightly conical, often slightly rounded,
often weaklY . cuspidate. Cells are slightly
compressed. Gullet approaches the middle
of the cell, and more rarely extends a
little beyond that point; frequently it
is directed somewhat towards the dorsal
side, and . it is relatively larger than
in the preceding form. Oval bodies appear
to be absent frequently 9 Measurementà;
1345 x 6-26)4 , thi'ck , (according
to SKUJA); 15-32 x 8-16A (according to
PASCHER) Cr erosa 5.
(43)

10
p) Posterior end is more narrowed, cuspïdate or
hebetate. Cells are :in general considerably
t Posterior end straight and abruptly tapering •
• into a short, flat, acute appendage. Anter- •
. •
'ior 'end is eqUally.high oh both sides; in
-
cross section, it appears almost circular.
Cells measure 14-17 x 8/4 .
. Cr.
ti-Posterior end is curved ventrally,
caudata 6.
.
,hebetate, slightly rounded, frequent-
ly with à granule of leucoSin. Cells meas-
. . ure 7 x 5 / Cr. pusillaa.
3. Cells are 9ylindrical l formsI oblong with parallel
or slightly convex sides; often only one side
(usually the dorsal one) is somewhat more distinetly
convex, and the ventral side is straight or
slightly concave. If the ventral side, as well as
the dorsal side, is pronouncedly convex, then
oblong-elliptical forms result.
Ge..)
Large forms.
tAnterior end cuspidate, protruding in a
rostrate fashion, with sharp t . deep emargination
laterally on the gullet aperture.
Posterior end may often be regularly broadly

11
rounded, or it may be rounded and folded .
dorsally . ! with a very short, bulky
serra, giving rise to a slight sigmoid
shape. (See also b2y). The body is moderately
flattened. Gullet often may be quite wide
and saccate, with very many trichocysts,
or it may be narrow, with relatively
few trichocysts. Many starch granules
are deposited along the interior sides of
the chromatophores. Leucosin globules
occur apically and basally ., and are of different
respective sizes. Thiophilic species.
Measurements; 48-60 x 16-26)(4 ; 14-19)q
- thick.
. . . . - . rostratiformis 9.
ltteell body is often slightly curved, with back .
occasionally strongly arched along the
-
anterior half. Body is quite flattened,
particularly in the posterior portion of
the cell, which consequently often appears
like a broad rudder. Posterior end is
occasionally vere lightly bent dorsally.
Uullet extends to the
middle of the cell, being bent somewhat
angularl -y "at the center and then
•

12
pointing dorsally.
Measurements:
• 31-50 X 15-24w; 9-14 m thick.
Cr. platyuris 10.
e) ) Medium-sized forms. Cell body is approximately
cylindrical, often slightly curved, tightly
compressed laterally. Gullet extends to the
middle of the cell, with slight flexion . .
Upper front corner . protrudes very little and
Is broadly rounded. Measurements: 17-30 x
8-15M ; 4-6 »thick« . . *Cr. ponpressa 11.
Ty) Small forms.
+Cells relatively narrowly cylindrical and
elongated / also nearly ovatocylindraceous
and straight; laterally tightly compressed.
Measurements: 8-14 x 5-7M ; 2-4 414 thick.
• Cr. tenuis 12.
ttCells cylindrical to oblong-oval, with
• sides almost parallel, rather strongly compressed
laterally, with a "lustrous"
• appearance.caused by three or four highly
refractory leucosin globules. Measuring
10-18 x 5-9 ).1 ; 3-
6 . Cr. lucens 13.
MCells thinly cylindrical, somewhat curved,
upper front corner drawn out . into a marked

13
nose-like nrotrusion.
Cells are only very
slightly laterally compressed. Measuring
8-17 x 5-8 P . . * . Cr. nasuta 14.
(b) Cells si^noid. Anterior end is bent more or less
ventrally, posterior end is curved towards the
dorsally.
The
sigmoid character i.5 occasionally
expressed only
frequently it is
1. Posterior end
ly rounded on
very weakly, but very
quite distinct.
sharply çuspidate, often very slightthe
extreme tip. Cells are not, or
are only slightly, compressed. The shape is
cuneiform.
Cz )
Cells broa,d7-V cuneiform, upper front corner
conically cuspidate and only•slightly rounded.•
Cells become tapered and acuminate towards the
posterior. Gullet extends to the middle of the
cell or somewhat deeper, running along the
,axis or obliquely towards the dorsal side.
Two or three large oval bodies are in the
anterior portion. In cross section, the cells
are circular. Measurements: 16-32 x 8-14P.
0)
Cr. IY1arss?onii 15.
Cells broadly cuneiform. Anteri-or end curves sligh-tly
or not at all towards the ventral side;

14
posterior end is deeply curved towards the
dorsal side, and acuminate. Gullet lies near
the ventral side and extends beyond the middle
of the cell. In the anterior third of the cell,
there are one or two large oval bodies. Cells
are but barely compressed. Measuring 27-38 x
11-16 p Cr. reflexa 16.
à') Cells narrowly cuneiforM, elongated. Dorsal
anterior end forms a short, cuspidate wedge
or cone. Posterior end is sharply cuspidate.
Cells are slightly sigmoid. Body is hardly
compressed. Gullet extends to the middle of
the cell. There are one or two ellipsoids in
the anterior portion. Measurements: 15-19 x -
4.5-6 y Cr. gracilis 17.
e) Cells narrowly cuneiform (not as thin as the
fre-Evious species). Dorsal anterior end protrudes
only a little, and is broadly rounded.
Posterior end is tapered and more or less
dorsally curved, cuspidate, but with the
extremity usually slightly rounded. Gullet
extends approximately to the middle of the cell.
ThInner than in the species.
Measurements: 16-20 , x 8-1414. Cr. erosa var. reflexa 5.

2. Posterior end truncated, usualIyâdly hhifiàêà;
occasionally cuspidate, in ra bul'él'y
fashion.
The central portion bt thé éèiié
cylindrical or elliptical.
0L) Upper front corner of oell£0 -1111b à
protrusion, rounded at -the ela. Pôâtef.ibi; é -nd
is broadly rounded. Cells are et -en "aiiiiOât
straight. Dorsal line is . gibbôüè ih thé àhter-lof.
portion
EO„§t.taià ià.
p) Upper front corner forms an aetiblhàté éoniêài
protrusion. Posterior end is êuï.éd à IIt1ê tàz.
wards the dorsal side and broààle ôhIéd
Gullet extends approximately tô he ie oÈ
the cell. Cells are ( stroney ebbp -tèâbéd.
Chromatophores reportedly IaCk là:yei- of dé,;- -
posited starch granules. Ca. 4) k 20,k é
Cr. étiiiâta i5.
y) Upper front corner protrudes Tin â i;ohti'ate
fashion, middle portion of'cell is hniptiOà1. (45)
Posterior end is broad and trùhêâtéd, etêh
slightly dorsally curved àhd
then terminating in a short, Wide, éüâbiàâte
protuberance. Cells are very nietlY- êofilibêàéd,
Measurements: 48- 60, x 16-26/4 é febeLtàtïtà.tmi_s 9.

16
TI. Cell color is usually oéhraoeous. The shape is ovoid,.
and som.ewhat stout, with the cells measuring 25-30
x 18--20 P .-Gullet extends to the middle of the cell.
Cr. brevi s 7. -
III. Cell color is yellow. Reportedly therè is one
.chromatophore present. Cells are ovoid, small,
measuring 7'x 5 14 . Posterior end is curved
ventrally, anterior end is rounded. Cr. pusilla S.
IV. Cell color is usually b rownish violet. Cell shape
is ellip,sàidal. Cells measure 12-15 x 7-8 14 . Thiophilic
species. . . . . . . . . . .gr. ^haseolus 3.
^l.
A., l
^v
B. ^.^-A ^-s ^Y1 lii L. l one J-^t^ four Ÿyi eravi^^.^
ti^ .
Z. Cells olive green to brownish olive.
(a) Arrangement of the two chromatophores is "normal ",
1.e., one chromatophore is on the dorsal side,
the other on the ventral side.
I
1. Cells elliptical (oval) , posterior end broadly
rounded. Cells are .rathFr tightly compressed.
Gullet often extends beyond the middle of the
cell, often does not (two types). Two chromatophores,
usually each with two superimposed
pyrenoids, although a ventral pyrenoid may
occasionally be absent. The pyrenoids on one
side can occasionally fuse to form an oblong

17
• structure. There are one.or two ellipsoids
in front. Measurements: 20-49 x 20-27
5-17;G( thick. .. . .. Cr,,, , tetrans renoi.dosa 21.
2. Cells are approximately obovoid, narrowing
noticeably towards the posterior, where they
are rounded and laterally compressed. In
cross section, cells are narrowly ellilitical.
Gullet extends to a little beyond the middle
of the cell. Two chromatophores, with one
pyrenoid each. Measurements: 17-22 x 9-13A
6-9 p thick. . . . . . . . Cr. U7oli ni 20.
,-._-,, , ,__.^ ^_^
3. -Le:is are c7^:o'r`ii c^,^., ^oL1e1"(l1^, V d.`ï^^i^ü^ Uz -
ical; anterior end is rounded, posterior
end narrowed and r ounded, In cross section,
cells are almost circular. Each chromatophore
has two superimposed pyrenoids. (Very young
cells have only one chromatophore with two
dorsal, superimposed pyrenoids.) Measurements:
18-22 x 8-11 J4 .. .. ^r. pai'an,yrpnoidifera 22.
(b) Arrangement of the two chromatophores i s "abnormal",
i.e., covering the two broad sides ("flanks")
of the cell.
1. Cells are elliptical. Gullet extends approximately
to middle of cell. Both chromatophores

18
. are minutely lobulate on the ventral edge,
with one pyrenoid each. Flagella.are almost
aslong as the body. Cells are very slightly
compressed. Measurements: 15-27 x 12-14
10-12 M thick Cr mrenoidifera 23.
2..Cells are elliptical. Gullet extends
almost to the posterior end of the cell.
flagella are one half to two thirds the •
length of the'body. Pyrenoid central. Cells
are lightly compressed. Measurements: 21-24
x 10-12 p Cr. anomala 24.
(4g):
IL Cell color rufous. Body is ovato-cylindraceous and
barely, or slightly, laterally coMpressed. Two
chromatophores; the pyrenoid is rather large, oval,
located on the dorsal side of the cell. Measurements:
21-25 x 9-11 M ; 7-10 M thick. . . Cr. rufescens 25.
III. Cell color almost blackish brown.
Body is broadly ovoid, chromatophore with large,
irregular lobes, and the pyrenoid approximately
central. Measurements: 14.2-9.8 1.4 . Cr. lobata 26.

19
A. Cells laterally compressed v with anterior emargination
(70)
(in profile).
1. Cells are oblone,cylindricar, basally narrowed and
rounded, occasionally recurved. . Ch. Paramaecium 1.
11. Cells are obovoid, not basally narrowed. Posterior
'margin is broadly rounded. . . •- . Ch. oblong 2.
B. Cells are almost circular in cross section; in profile,
uniformly rounded in front. .Cells are obovoid, the base
tapering to form
a.corniform aduncate apex.
Ch. acuta 3.
Two genera:
(75)
1. Groove is distinct, gullet absent; stigma is present; cells
are slightly compressed laterally, and appear - broadly
'ovoid in optic cross sections • Protochrysis
II. Groove is faintly indicated, sinking to form a giallet .
alone the median line. Lateral compression iS usually
quite pronounced. In optic cross sections,. the cell
, apPears narrowly ovoià * Sennia

20
la. In fresh water.
(83)
2a. With spherical formations resembling trichocysts
(alveoli) under the dermal layer; bacilliform
trichocysts are absent
Vacuolaria
2b. Bacilliform trichocysts present.
3a. With capitate . swelling of cell body.
Merotricha
3b. Without capitate swelling of oeil body.
•
lb. In sea water.
Gonybstomiim
Chattonella
•la. Chromatophores accumbent to dermal layer.
2a. Cells ovoid to ellipsoidal or elongatedly cylindrical.
1. Vacuolaria virescens
3a. Cells oblong-ovoid or cylindrical, measuring
up to 85 (Ain length, alveoli distinct.
• . var. virescens
3b. Cells broadly ovoid, relatiVely small, measuring
• up to 45 J. in lemth; the alveoli distend the
dermal layer
var nraegn2ns
3 0 . Cells phaseoliform in profile, still smaller,
measuring up to 30m in length; alveoli poorly
developed
var. minuta

21
2b. Cells obovoid to pyriform, broader in front,than in
back. . . . . ... . . . . . . . o 2. Vacuolaria viridis
-lb. Chromatophores remote from the dermal layer, more
deeply imbedded in the interior of the.cell.
3. Vacuolaria penardii
la. From the broad side, the cells appear stretched in oblong
or ellipsoidal fashion; from the ventral side, flattened.
2a. Large cells, measuring 60-90 M in length, narrowing
quite rapidly at the base. Concentration of tricho-
, , ^___.or ^:
CÿStS in Lile a1li^^riol' ctiiCt 4CL'!VS' pVl ^svï1S of vL Vua the
body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Gon^^ostomum semen
2b. Cells smaller, maximum length 40 µ, broadly rounded
at the base.
3a. Apical concentration of trichocysts.
2. GonY2stomu3n ovatum
3b. Basal concentration of trichocysts.
3. Gongostomum intermedium
lb. From the broad side, cells appear circular to broadly
elliptical. Cells are distinctly flattened, giving the
body a lenticular appearance.
4. 1,~onlost0mum latum.

22
Division' of Peridineae ipinoflagellatae), into subdlasses
•
(accordind to Lindemann 8
(98)
Subclass 1. .Flagella on one end of the cell;
no grooves present. Covering is
either a solid, firm membrane, or
develobed as armor. In the latter
case, it consists of two portions,
separated by a suture. These portions
are not composed of plates.
I. Adiniferae (P.98 )
Subclass II. Flagella are not concentrated on one
A. Flagellate
organization
end of the cell; grooves (and flagella)
are visible during at least
one stage of the life cycle. The
transverse groove usually divides
the entire cell into an anterior
and a posterior section (called
"valves" in armored forms).
• II. Diniferae (P:100)
8 Lindemann (loc. cit.) designated the group,of the Peridineae
as a "division" and'accordingly designated
(Dinoflagellatae)
the three sub-groups as - "subdivisions". He subdivided the latter
1-nto "classes", which, in turn, are again subdivided into vfamilies".-
According to his classification, therefore, the i'eridinae are
represented by.3 classes,
w.nce tne feriainpae are regarded as a class throughout
the present volume, we shall follow a different method of .
designating the groups; this class is here divided into subclasses,
which are divided-into orders'and, further, into
families.

24
consists of dissimilar polygonal plees (panels).
Order II..Peridiniales 8a (P.155)
Division of the family . (101)
A. Transverse groove•lies near the anterior end of the cell,
so that the anterior portion of the cell is very small in
comparison with the posterior portion. 1.Amphidinium (P.101)
B. Transverse groove lies more within the middle portion of
the cell, and is circular or helical.
1. Transverse groove is circular or helical. In the latter .
case, the helical interval is less than one fifth of
the length of the body..
2. Gymnodinium (P.107)
2. Transverse groove is always helical; helical interval
is more than one fifth of the body length; the helix
turns from one to less than 34 times. 3. Gyrodinium (P.146)
C. Transverse groove lies near the posterior end of the cell, •
and is hardly helical, usually circular. Longitudinal'
groove is deVeloped only on the short posterior part of
the body
4. Massartia (P.152)
Lindemann „(in ENGLER'S Nat. Pflanzenf., 1928) assigned to
this group his "class" "KolkwitziellaIes", a concept which is
based upon the genus "Kolkwitziella". However, since this
genus cannot be maintained (it represents the encysted phase
of Diplopsalis acuta), the higher units based upon it
Kolkwitziellaceae" and "class: Kolkwitziellales"
sensu Lindemann) must also be discarded.

25
Key to the identification of.-the-s-pecies
(102)
A. Cells are small; length, 8-16 width, 8-13 The
longitudinal groove does not extend onto the anterior part
of the body.
I. Chromatophores are absent.
(a) Cells measure 8p in length, 8 Fl in width; stigma
is present. . . . . . . . . . .. . A.. hyalinum 1.
(b) Cells measure 10 ^( in length, 10 p in width; stigma
- is absent. ...... A. Tatrae fa. açhromaticiuq 2.
II: Chromatophores present (sonetimes absent).
(a) Chromatophores are brown. Cells measure 10-12 P in
length, with width and length being equal. Anterior
part of the body is flattened and cap-shaped.
A. a^enkini 3.
(b) Chromatophores range from dark yellow to light
yellow. Cells measuring 10 x 10
Anterior part
of the body is more angustate, thinner, and more
arched. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Tatrap 2.
(c) Chromatophores are aureous. Cell length 11-13P
,
with width equal. Anterior part of body.is wider
and regularly arched. ....... . A4. luteun 4.
(d) Chromatophores are camelinous.-t:ells. measure 15,6.x
13 P. Anterior part of body is in the _shape of
a shallow cone. ... .*... ... A. turicense 5.

26
B. Cells are larger: length, 18-25 ; width, 12-20 M
1. Longitudinal groove extends more or less far onto the
anterior part of the body. Chromatophores are blue-green
(also zoophagous).
(a)Transverse groove does not extend all the way to
the apex and the antapical end. Cells measure 25M
in length, 14 Min width. Body is elongate- ellipt-
. ieal . • A. Geitle'ri 6.
CO Longitudinal groove extends from the apex to the
antapical end. Cells measure 18-15 1,4 [Sic] in length,
l2-l4 j-
in width. Body is . more . ovoid.. A. wigrense 7.
II. Longitudinal groove does not extend onto the anterior
part of the body. Chromatophores are brown. Cells
measure 23)A in length, 18 m in width. A. lacustre 8.
Km for the identification of the species (112)
A. Chromatophores present.
I. Medium-sized to large forms: lengths 25-50 14 and 55-100M,
respectively.
(a) Chromatophores blue to blue-green.
• 1. The epivalve is campanulate, and somewhat larger
• than the hypovalve, which is more truncated.
• Ca. 34 x 22 G. aeruginotum 13.

2. The -epivalve has the shape of a truncated
cone;
the hypovalve is bulbous; the two valves
are of equal size, measuri.nz, 33-37 x 24-3U. tU •
G. acidotum 13.r1.
(b) Chromatophores light green. . . . . q. vxricie 10.
(c) Chromatophores are brown, but are coated by_the
red pigment of the cell, so 'that the cells n,ppos,r
sanguineous or carmine.
(d). Chromatophores yeJ.low, yellotiTish-brcit*a or dsr3c brown..
1. 'Phe hypovalve is sharply. conic^,. or bul.bous.
The epivalve is rounded in an.ovoid fashion,
without apical serrae. Mles,.surements: 80-100 x
55-60 M . . . . . . . . . .
(si3Y
2. The hypovalve is rounded convexly, or sinuous
at the antapical end.
ol.)
Cells are distinctly flattened dorsiventrally,
and o rbi cula.r.
x Cell outline (lateral position) 18 almost
ci.rcular, as fmme tri cal (right side, i s arched
more strongly thanleft).The epivalve
is smaller than the hypovalve. Length,
66-80 M . . . . . . . . t,. :tenui. ssimum 2.
_2^^ Lells are more ovo.l and have one polar
apiculus each. The epivalve j.* son.iewhat

28
larger than the hypovalve. Stigma present.
A ridge arising at the apical pole runs
along the meridi,an. Length, 40
G. leopoliense 3.
p) Cells are still distinctly flattened, though
12 -
they are lesa so and never orbicular.
* .Theepivalve and the hypovalve are nearly
of equal size.
05)2 Cells are roundish, ovoid. The epivalve
is semi-circular,•very slightly
cuspidate at ihe apex, almost truncated.
The hypovalve is trapezoidal,
rounded, slightly emarginated. Long- •
itudinal groove is shallow. No stigma.
Cell measures 29 x 25.5i4. G. Skvortzowii 4.
pi Cells are approximately ovoid. The
epivalve is approximately convexoconical,
asymmetrical, with apex rounded.
The hypovalve is often somewhat
broader and half-oval, with irregular
undulations on the right side (pathological
condition?). Longitudinal groove
12 Some forms under (3 , e.g.. no. 14. and no. 15, would perhaps
be better classified under y .

29
is only -on the hypovalve, and -
bears
ridges along its lateral. margins.
Cell measures 35 x 22 M. G. undulatum 5.
2 › The epivalve is smaller than the hypovalve.
oe The epivalve is coniCal, frequently
rounded or truncated at the apex. •
1 Cells are long and thin, almost
twice as long as they are wide,
measuring 35-740 x 22 M (and -even
less). Cross section appearance
is as yet unknown, The hypovalve
is rounded, broader than the spivalve
. (winter form). G. wigrense 6.
2** The epivalve is conical, little
smaller than the hypovalve, with
lateral line convexo-concave .on
the right, undulating on the leet,
The hypoValve is trapezoidal,
usually distinctly retracted below
the longitudinal groove, with
antapical end almost plane, (Cells
•Ialentangular". Winter form.)
G. hiemale 7.

30
The epivalve and the hypovalve are
regularly rounded. Cells are oval,
slightly flattened dorsiventrally.
In the majority of the cells, the
hypovalve is distinctly larger than
the epivalve.'. . . G. inversum 8.
3"The epivalve is usually distinctly larger
than the hypovalve.
Longitudinal groove present and distinctly
developed.
1^ * Cells are more or less emarginated
at the -' 1Joâtiri%r cil^^Aj
Vvûa#.) :l.viaÇLÂ.iji
they are plane.
ot" The epivalve is carnpanulate,
broadly rounded. The hypovalve
is no broader, or only a little
broader, than the ep2valve. Chromatophores
are elongated, arranged
radially. Stigma present. Length
80-90-165 M. G. mirabile 9.
e" The epivalve and the hypovalve
often are of almost equal size,
but frequently the epivalve is
distinctly larger. Both are

31 •
more .or less conical or
spherical, often asymmetrical.
(114)
The epivalve and the hypovalve
• are usua113i more or less rotuid-
ed at the poles. Antapical end
'
is sometimes notched..Length
y
45-75 P. G. uberrimum 11.
The epivalve is considerably
longer than the hypovalve. The
epivalve is elongatedly convexoconical,
rounded at the apex.
The hypovalve is trapezoi.dally
rounded and somewhat retracted
beneath the transverse groove.
Cell is plane or Slightly sinuous
at the antapical end. Cells
measure 40- 60 x 27- 30 M
G. palustre 12,
2 Cells are deeply sinuous at the
posterior end. Longitudinal groove
only on the posterior part of the
body, no stigma (occasionally there
is a red particle in the longitudinal
groove.) Cells are just slightly

32
flattened dorsiventrally.
Nieasurements:
26-42 x 21-34 9
G. excavatum 14.
3*^ Cells rounded at the posterior end:
Cells broadly ovoid to almost
sphe'rically ôvoid, slightly
flattened dorsiventra? 1y, The
epivalve is half-ovoid to almost
hemispherical, more rarely
narrowing a little towards the
apex. The hypovalve is uniformly
rounded. Chromatophores light
yellow. Stigma elongatedly punetiform.
Occasionally there is a
small spinule at the antapicalend.
Cells measure 32-35 x 28-30P.
G. nP.glect-,in 15.
Cell body oval, rarely more round-
Ish. The epivalve is ovoid, the
hJppvalve hemi spheri ca1. Covering
is composed of numerous
hexagonal platelets, with central
thickening. Cell is not dorsiventrally
flattened.

33
Measurements: 30-40 x 30-
35 m. G. polonicum 16.
. et
Longitudinal groove is absent or only
faintly indicated. Cells are broadly
oval., with rounded apices. The epiValve
.
. is half-ovalp . the hypovalve not entire-
ly hemispherical, laterally somewhat
swelling towardS the middle. Transverse
groove is quite shallow. Stigma
is large and cylindrical.
Cells measuring 40 x 34.5m •
G. Daradoxum 17.
Cells measuring 667-75 x 61-67m. .
Q. paradoxum var. major 17.
y) Cells are hardly flattened, usually almost
circular in cross section.
*
1 Epivalve ana hypovalve approximately the
same size.
te Longitudinal groove absent, or very
faintly expressed. The epivalve is
acuminately conical, the hypovalve
broadly rounded. G. nnlvisculus 18.
pt Longitudinal groove is distinctly ex-
pressed.

34.
1"Longitudina1 groove carinate.
C( n C anima • is on the left edge of the.groove..
The epivalve is cupuliform,, the hypo-,
valve broadly rounded and sinuous at
the antapical end.
G. carinatum 19.
Car ia is on the right edge of the
groove. The epivalve is conical, with
sides somewhat convex, the hypovalve
narrowly rounded. G. veris. 20.
2"Longitudinal groove not carinate. (115)
00Cel1s roundish, spherical, also often
broadly oval.
i"Both halves of the body are uniformly
rounded, epivalve and hypovalve hemispherical,
up to 30 x 25A , with an
oblique ridge on the epivalve. Stigma
present G. coronatum 21.
it The epivalve is half-oval, often somewhat
asymmetrical. The hypovalve is
broadly rounded, often obliquely conical,
likewise occasionally asynnetrical, and
emarginated at the antapical end. No
stigma. Form variable. Measurements:
32-35 x 22-25A. G. rotundatum 23.

•
35
111jCells are broadly oval. Epivalve and
hypovalve hemispherical. Longitudinal
groove does not extend to the antapical
end. Chromatophores yellow. Neasurements:
27-30 DC 22-25A. G. obesum 24.
(In Cells °veld.
*The epivalve and the hypovalve are of
equal size, or the former is somewhat
larger. The epivalve is half-ovoid and
symmetrical. The hypovalve hemispherical
and'sinuous. Stigma present. Chromatophores
are light yellow, brown in old specimens.
Cell measures 50 X 40M.
G. pseudopalustre 25.
11 Cells obovoid to oval; the epivalve is
broadly rounded, half-oval. The hypovalve
is thinner, half-oval or even truncatedly
conical, often asymmetrical. Longitudinal
groove extends to the antapical
end. No stigma. 45 x 28-33)1.
G. mirum 26.
2*Epivalve smaller than hypovalve. Cells are more or
less ovoid, slightly asymmetrical. Apex and antapical
end are occasionally broadly rounded; but frequently
the epivalve is convexo-conical and the hypovalve is

36
broadly oval with slight indentation. Longitudinal
groove extends from the apex to the antapical end.
Very frequently the cells are non-motile.
Length 30-50A . . . . . . G. limneticum 27.
IT. Small to very small forms (small forms, 20-259 in lenüthtvery small
f orms , 7-12-15)4).
^a) Posterior part of body extends into three short, corniform
or conical processes. Anter.ior part of body is uniform, and
cupuliform. Measurements: 10-14 x 9-11A .. G. trS_ceratum 28.
(b) Posterior part of body does not extend into corniform processes.
1. The epivalve is often smaller than the hypovalve (often
nearly the same length).
o^)
The epivaïve â.s. hemisphericaï., Lhe hypova3.ve somewûat
thinner (truncatedly conical). Measurements: 8-17 x 6-12A.
(Tropical form?) . . . . . . . . . . . . G.yarians.,29.'
^3) The epivalve is cap--shaped, broadly rounded, as wide as
the hypovalve, but lower. The hypovalve is semicircular.
Measurements 13-14 x 11R. .. .. G. profundum 30-
2. Epivalve and hypovalve approximately the same size. (116)
oC) Cells are ovoid. The epivalve-is half-oval to hemispherical.
The hypovalve is half-oval, projecting a little more
widely. Measurements 20-24 x 16kk. (Tropical form?)
bogoTiense 32.
/3) The epivalve is elongate half-oval, the hypovalve hemispherical.
Measurements 17-18 x 10K .- G. lacustre 32.

37
3. EpivAlve larger than hypoyalve,
-4Cells are flattened dorsiventrally-and broadly oval.
Epivalve with a semicircularly rounded apex. The hypovalve
is rounded in a faintly acute cupuliform fashion
towards the posterior. Measurements: 12-15 x 11-13X.
G. ordinatum 33.
p) Cells are approximately ovoid s.very slightly flattened.
The epivalve is ellipsoidal to almost spherical, while
the hypovalve is hemispherical. The epivalve occupies
about two thirds of the entire cell. Longitudinal groove
is indistinct. This is a transitional form to Massartia.
G. bohemicum 34.
B. Chromatophores absent. (Colorless forms).
I. Large forms (length ca. 32-501.1).
(a) Epivalve is smaller than hypovalve.
The epivalve is conical, exhibiting three apical apiculi (which
may also be absent in
one variety). The hypovalve is acuminately
conical. Pellicle with longitudinal stripes. Cytoplasm is
reddish (peach-blossom colored). Measurements: 50 x 30k.
G. helveticum 35.
(b) 4ivalve and hypovalve are .of approximately the same size.
1. The epivalve is conical with convex sides, the hypovalve
acutely ovoid or nearly conical..The epivalve
Idth three.apical apiculi. Cells measure 35-40 x 26-30M.
• •
G. triden'tatum 36.

38
2. Cells have the shape of a truncated double cone. Apex
without apiculi. Cells are circular in cross section,
transverse groove is circular. Measurements: 40 -41 x 25-26A.
G. austriacum 37.
3. The epivalve is arcuately conical with 2 apiculi, while
the hypovalve is rounded in the manner of a wide trapezoid
and slightly sinuous at the antapical end. Cells measure
40-45 x 34-38/.4. , and are very slightly flattened.
G. latum 38.
) Epivalve larger than hypovalve.
Cells are oblong oval, circular in cross section. Epivalve is
half-ovoid, hypovalve hemispherical. Transverse groove is exactly
circular. Cells are 32-35 x )5-36 /4,
G. mitratum
II. Small forms (length 9-25/1).
(a) Epivalve and hypovalve hemispherical, dircular in cross section.
• . Cells measure 18-22 x 16-18 /q. G. eurytopum 40.
(b) The epivalve is truncatedly conical, with convex sides, the
hypovalve spherical. Longitudinal groove is indistinct. Cell
color is glossy silver-grey. Cell measures 14 x
• G. Lantzischil, 41 •
(c) The epivalve is hemispherical, pileiform , higher and broader
than the hypovalve, which is likewise hemispherical. Cell
measures 11 x 8.8m. Halophilous G. fungiforme 42.
(d) The epivalve is hemispherical to half-ovoid, and as wide as
hypovalve, which is hemispherical, symmetri-
or wider than, the

39
cal or as.y.mmetrxçal. Length 9-25AJ. (Halophilous and perhaps
occurring also in freshwater)...... G. albulum 43.
Key, for the identification of the
species
(1tF6).
A. Posterior end r.ounded,.
i.
.l.
Transverse gpoove slightly inclined , and longitudinal
gr.ooye does not extend onto the anterior part
Q^ the bodÿ. Apex is regularly rounded. Chromatophores
are present; there are no stigmata. See also under B.
G. Pascheri 5.
Transverse groove is
steeply incline d(distinctly helical)
(a) Body is br.oad3.y ova1l anterior part cap-shaped, somewhat
angul.ar along the transverse groove. Chromatophores absent;
é h mmM ^.^ rreëend. T.aY^cr}n li{ G. j,yalinum 1.
-` Zb -..I l
(b) Body is more e].o_ngated].y oval, anterior part more rounded,
. . -----^ --- -.
pri.ncipal-ly along the transverse groove, with chromatophores.. •
Stigma is present, Length 23Y . G. pusiYlum 2.
(c) Bpdy is o-void. _Longitudinal groove is distinctly displaced
to the right, running across the entire ventral side, crossing
._._
the -lett zte.ntrai edg.e, and extending somewhat onto the dorsal
side of the epiva:l•ve. Leng-i:h 23-40R . Questionable species.
G. Traunsteineri 3-
(d) -In addition to those with x.ound.ed antapical ends, individuals
,ui..th Q..panded poste:r?.or end always are also present. Trans-
.verse g^D.o-ve Is peç:asionàll:y -very slightly inclined
See.
.under B2a. ,. ,e .s ,• n a a .. .& a , G. Paschcri 5.

B. Posterior end not rounded (or rounded only in exceptional cases). (147)
1. Anterior part of body is approximately triangular (in
the shape of a flat cone), antapical end somewhat irregularly
lobate. Cell ) in toto, is pentangular, and 40-50),(
long, with no stigma 0 ...... G. silvaticum 4.
2. Anterior. part of body with rounded apex.
(a) Antapical end is slightly sinuous, and the hypovalve protrudes
in a more or less pronounced manner either to the right or to
the left of the transverse groove. Occasionally there is an
accumulation of red pigment in the interior. Length 18-35A •
Longitudinal groove along the left edge with crest or ridge.
G. Pascheri 5.
ne
enly,
\ u / iot,erler paLv is d4- .LJ
irregularly arranged processes. Two papilliform ridges are
located on the right and left side beneath the transverse
groove. The third process is acuminate and located on the
dorsal side. The fourth and longest one 9
also acuminate, is
located nearly on the antapical end. G. asymmet.ricum 6.
Kex to the identification of the species
( 152)
A. Chromatophores absent.
I. Transverse groove along the upper edge cuts deeply into upper
part of body and is nearly concealed by the labellum which is
formed in this manner., 14. iviusei 1.

41
II. Transverse groove lies open.
(a)*Transverse groove is not distinctly helical.. The longitudinal
groove does not extend, or extends only -very little, onto the
apical portion.
1. Anterior part of body is semicircular s?r.hemispherical.
M. stigmatica 2.
2. Anterior part of body is cassideous, _sonewhat tapered.
M. yorticella 3.
3. The anterior part : is conical; the apex is cuspidate..
M. Schilleri 4.
(b) Transverse groove is distinctly helical; longitudinal groove
extends îar onto the apical portion. M. Woloss,ynsr.ae 5-
t^i.
l+ _ l J l _ ^ 7 X- 1 • 1 l .. .L .1• ... ... ._ 1 C J. .`. .,,
^rirt^ma'^vpriores ^xéSéil'^ . ^.bls .i. are uoâu.i. LY° y o'va âriu .1.1d til G11Cü • uva^Tila
not observed. . . . . . . + . . . . . . . M. plana 6
Division of thé order Reridiniales into familiesb (157)
In order'to avoid repetitions in the text, no detailed treatment of
1)A.tte_r71s
in which the plates are arranized is included here. The reader is
advised to peruse at this point the introduction to the Renus Peridinium, where
the structure of the armor is discussed, since acquaintance with the
panelling,patterns is assumed in connection with the folloti•ring classification.
A. Coverings consisting of a solid membrane, rarely delicate, often
panelled uniformly or with large, dissimilar polygons (hardly visible
without prior processing); some species exhibit markedly varying panelling
patterns. . . . . . . . . . . k'amily:.3lenodiniaceac
(partially)
(p. l651)•

42
B. Coverings (shells) represent a more or less strong armor, which
consists of dissimilar polygonal plates (panels). The armor is
membraneous during the juvenile phase, but the panels are already
visible at that time.
•
1. Colis are more or less roundish, without large corniform
formations on the anterior and posterior parts of the body.
(a) Shape is spherical, without apical aperture, only 1 antapical
plate present. Plate formula: 3'1a6"5"1".
Family: Dinosphaeraceae (P.251)
(b) Shape is spherical, ellipsoidal, ovoid or pyriform. Apical
aperture present or absent. One or two antapical plates are (158)
present.
ie Shape is usually ovato-rotundate. Shell is thin,
character of the panelling primitive: 2-4 1 4a8-7"7-6" 1 2".
Family:Glenodiniopsidaceae (P.158)
e Shape is more or less flattened in the direction
. .
of the longitudinal axis. Epivalve conical, apical
aperture present, usually one antapical plate
(rarely two). There is a crest beside the longitudinal
groove which often projects over the antapical
end. /01-2a7"5"1".
Genus: Diplopsalis, Family: Peridiniaceae (P.179)
3*Cel1s are spherical, ellipsoidal, ovoid or pyriform;
armor is thick.

.43
:43esisles an'-pntap.ical
_acopessory -terminal
7.-taenes -Eess) a small
ant.....Teth apical
:910Pr:bure.. :4 1 :0a (gr 734:.Ia) -6"6.lp
:G._ony_sa•Ulacaceae (p.249)
Two -antapal -p1at:ps .(rare.ly pnly one
m,
peapical -plate -yesulting -f-rom -.the .ei:f_sertoe of a separating
Yi.4e).e
A.TdPel gpertilee JegY be :pres:ee pr absent.
Teri.dlliaceae (P. 179)
çe-1)-s
lgeSe ço.e.ni.form eormat_ions en -:01P alerior
gpd posterior parts of -tbe Lby (onpeo-ce1ed "an .terior
estm9 or eleee PPstePIoe horns l rg,rely orgy one
ppsterior horm),
y:: ergtaceae (P.252)
' (159)
I. The •YP-PsVere ge9ove "1.1oemalle eleve:loPed 4 it encircles
the en-tire oeil.
(g) The P-PPPsPYY PleeP (gt the gffl) •ere elmoet lsodiametric.
•
eelaerodinium 2.
• (ID) The •ceespory plates are longer end. irre6ler, with straight
prig.eglayi curved contours. Glenpd.iniopsis 1.
p• •
II. Th? teansveePe gePove enei.ecleg only helftiheoell,
Hemidinium 3.

44
I. Epivalve with 16 plates (8 pre-equatorial plates, 4 accessory
plates, and 4 apical plates).
Occurs in peat-bog waters.
G1. uli ;inosa 1.
I1. PSpi.valve with ].4 plates (8 pre-equatorial plates, 4 accessory
plates, and 2 apical.plates). G1.._ 2retiosa 2.
Three freshwater species are known: (162)
A. Chromatophores present:
1. Transverse groove crosses the left margin of the cell at the
level of the equator or at two thirds of the total height of
the ce11, Longitudinal groove extends to the posterior margin.
1. H. nasutum
?I. Transverse groove crosses the left margin of the cell at three
quarters of the total height. Longitudinal groove extends only
slightly beyond half of the posterior part of the body.
3. H. ochraceum
B. Chromatophores. absent. Transverse groove crosses the left margin
of the cell beneath the equator. Longitudinal groove? Cells are (163)
of the Hen. nasutum type.
2. H. berriardinense
Ka for the identification of the species
A. Structure of covering unknown.
1. Chromatophores present.
(a) With stigma.

F5
1. Both valves are 6f appreximately equal size.
0ACe1ls are n et, or are only slightly, flattened
(168)
dorsiventrally. The eoivalVe iSY#eakly ovoid-
- cuspidate and rcunded, the hypovalve
hemispherical* There is red coloration of the cells
on exposure to light. .al. ganguineum 1.
PCells are distinctly flattened dorsiventrally;
ventral s ide is flat Or Concave. The epivalve is in
the shape of a pointed arch, the hypovalve is more
rounded. 01, umnodinium 2.
2. Valves of unequal size, epivalve larger than hypovalve.
0Epivalve half-oval, nucleus ad hippocrepiform stigma _ _
(?) in the epivalife; Ihe hjpovalve is hemipherical.
• (Independence doubtful). - Gl. Stéinii 3.
p)The epivalve iA truncatedly convexo-conical, the hypovalve
smoothly rOunded and with a short spine to the
left of the antapical end . GI, prmatum 4.
W)The epivalve iâ CuSpidaté in the shape of a short cone,
the hypovalve shallowly rounded. Stigma uncertain.
• Brackish water forme Gli ILP.11. 11MU 5.
(b) Without stigma,
1. Both valves the same size.
oc) Both valves hemiSpheriCal Gl. Lemmermanni 6.
M
Both valves csmpanulate. GI. mllisculus 7.

46
2. Valves not both the same size.
OC) The epivalve is larger than the hypovalve. Both halves
are broadly and regularly rounded. Gl. Berp;hii 8.
p) Cells are oblong ovoid. The epivalve is smaller than
H. Chromatophores absent.
the hypovalve, more angustate, hemispherical to trunea
tedly conical. The hypovalve is convexo-conical, broader
than the epivalve. Gl. Dangeardii 9.
(a) Cells are roundish; the epivalve is larger than the hypovalve,
and truncatedly conical; the hypovalve is rounded*
Gl. edax 10.
(b) Cells are elongated; the epivalve is cuspidate in the shape
of a long cone, and on the end it is .reunded or drawn out
in a bulbous fashion. The hypovalve is hemispherical.
B. StruCtura of covering known.
Gl. apiculatum 11.
I. Panelling formula: 5'1a7"5"2". Cells are conical, epivalve as
large as or smaller than hypovalve. With apical pore. Epivalve
panelling pattern (apex) is always asymmetrical; panels are
smooth, panelling pattern varying 'greatly. Daughter cells are
freeswimming for a long time, theWattach themselves to Dinobryon
colonies. Cell measures 251t(. No stigma. Gl. dinobryonis 12.
H. Panelling formula: 4 1 2a6n5"2".
Cells are oval, somewhat flattened. Valves both the saine size.
Coverings are occupied by rows of small papillae. Measuring 30-40/t,
No stigma. Gl. Dybowskii 13.

47
Panelling formula: 3 1 1a7"5"2".
Cells are oval, somewhat flattened, valves both the same size,
hemispherical. Apical aperture is on the line of separation
between 2 1 and 3 1 . Panelling pattern varies greatly. Covering
is smooth. Length 23 9.
Stigma small, bacilliform. Often surrounded by a considerable
gelatinous corona.
Gl. oculatum
Two genera: Peridinium, Ditlousalis
A. Cell body is not compressed between the poles; its shape is
spherical, ellipsoidal, ovoid, or elongatedly oonical. Number of
plates 21-20, of which 14 or 13 are borne on
the epivalve
and 7 on the hypovalve. Plate formula: 4 1 3-0a7"5" 1 2".
Peridinium (P. 180)
B. Cell body is compressed between the poles, so that it is lenticular
to turbinate. Number of plates 19(18); epivalve 13(12), hypovalve
6(7). Plate formula: 4 1 1(-2)a6(7)"5" 1 1(2)". Diploosalis (P.248)
1. Cells are oval to spherical; rhomboid plate is very large,
and longitudinal groove is distinctly displaced towards the right,
fitting obliquely; hyaline crests of variable
size occur
on the apical and antapical plates. P. Willei 1.

,a • 48'
2. Cells are oval to spherical; rhomboid plate is small,
and longitudinal groove is nearly straight; hyaline crests are
usually absent. . . . . • •' • o • • o • • • • • • • P. Volzi]. 2r
J.. Cells have a regular outline and appear more or less
(199)
elliptical in cross section,. The epivalve is larger than the hypovalve.'The
longitudinal groove extends far onto the epivalve.
P. cinctum 1.
2. Cells are more or less gibbous, circular or very slightly
elliptical in cross section; the epivalve and the hypovalve are
approximately the same size; the longitudinal groove extends very
little onto the epivalve. . . . . . . . .. . . • • P.- Zatur.ense 2.
3. Cells are very dis.tinctl,y flatteneçi dorsiventrally;
ventral plates are frequently concave, left dorsal apical plate
(M 2a) frequently quâdrangularo . . . . . . . . . P. palustre 3.
1. Cells ovoid, 30-55/t{ in length; apical panelling is
(205).
irregularly symmetrical, plates frequently concave, diffusely punctâte;
the intercalary striation is ti•ride, concave, vrithout cross
striation; the antapical plates bear
numerous spines.
P. palatinum 1.
2. Cells ovoid, 35-45 ^{ in length; apical panelling is
regularly synunetrical; plates are convex; intercalary striation is
cross-striated. Antapical plates are not spinose.
P. pseudolaeve'2.

49
A. Cells are ovoid to conical; path of transverse groove runs
below the middle of the body, so that the epivalve is larger than
the hypovalve.
1. •Pedicles present, crests on the epivalve. P. bipes 1.
2. Pedicles are sharply reduced, crests present.
P. bipes var. occultatum
3. Pedicles are completely absent, as are the crests.
P. bipes var. tabulatum
B. Cells are spherical; transverse groove runs equatorially, so that
the epivalve and the hypovalve are of approximately equal size.
Pedicles are absent, epivalve crests present.
P. Plavfairii 2.
C. Cells are pentagular, bulky. Apex is bent over towards the left;
posterior part of body is bilobate, crests on the epivalve and
the hypovalve P limbatum 3.
D. Cells are rhomboid. Edges of the longitudinal groove are elevated,
with rounded ends prominent on the posterior part of the body,
which often have the appearance of spines. Chromatophores are
absent. Fresh and brackish water form. P. achromaticum 4.
Another species, which certainly shows the same panelling
pattern, but otherwise is of _a différent type (P. wisconsinense
EDD;Wiwas assigned to this group as an appendage and subsequently
transferred to the Allorr-ei group.

50
1. Cells are ovoid to almost spherical, 45-55/Li in length,
with three sturdy spines connected by a crest on the antapical
Plates P baliense 1.
2. Cells are ovoid or pyriform, 35-50U in length, with
a few isolated, sturdyspineson the antapical plates, the spines are occasionally
absent P. aciculiferum 2.
3. Cells are ovoid or oval, 25-40M in length, plates are
. convex, minutely punctate; numerous papillae or very short spines
occur on the antapical plates. The epivalve is larger
than the hypovalve P Lomnickii 3.
• 4. Cells are ovoid, measuring 30 x 25-30i4,. Plates are
partly concave, and, on the epivalve, minutely areolated. The hypovalve
is densely occupied by minute spines The epivalve and the
hypovalve are of equal size or the hypovalve is occasionally larger.
P. Godlewskii 4.
5. Cells are spherica1,30-35M1n diameter; plates are
convex, minutely punctate or covered with small papillae.
P. jprzeiskii 5•
6. Cells are nearly spherical, 45-67m in length, plates
concave, without spines on the hypovalve. . . P. .41y9.21m . 6,
1. Cells are oval and elongated, 25-35-40,4 in length; (220)
apical plates are usually convex, antapical plates plane or concave;
longitudinal groove widens distinctly on the hypovalve.
P. umbonatum 1.

51
2. Cells are oval, elongatëd or pentangular,. 15-30^{ in
length;' apical plates are convex, plane or concave; longitudinal
groove widens distinctly on the hypovaltire. ... P. inconspicuum 2.
3. Cells are ovoid, 18-251.^ in length; the epivalve is
conical, the hypovalve almost hemisFhexiçal P. pusillum'3.
4. Cells are almost spherical, 28-43k in diameter, occasionally
somewhat elongated; apiçal pole is eccentric, apical plates
arranged irregularly. . . . . . . . -. .. . . . . P. centenniale 4,
5, Cells are pentangular, 28-35 M in length, with concave
apical plates; the hypovalve isweakly_ bilobate, with a long, fine
spine on each lobe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. Deflandrei 5.
6. Cells are oval, 3545)Lj in length; antapical plates
are plane or weakly concave; longitudinal groove is very narrow on
the hypovalve; shell is very fragilè and bears little brnamentation.
lubieniense 60
7. Cells are oval, 30--41A in length; plates have arcuate
boundaries; intercalary striation with prominent thickenings, which
are not striated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. morzinense 7.
8. Cells are pyrifo.rm, 20-28M in length, apical and antrapxcal
plates convex. Ori the border between the antapical plates,
there is a strong, curved spine. .,..... P.► goslaviense B.
9. Cells are pentangular, 25-4W j in length, plates plane
or concave; longitudinal groove isvexy distinctly Videne.d; antapi.c.al
plates always ;,Par
a single, large tooth-like structures or
several somewhat smaller thorns .... P. âfricanum 9.

52
1. Cell outline is pentangular, cells are slightly
(236)
flattened. Epivalve with 11 plates. There are long thorn-like
structures on the antapical plates; plates are not areolated. There is
no median apical plate P. Lindemanni 1.
2. Cells are pentangular, hardly flattened, measuring
18-25 x 15-28/A. Thorn-like structures are short, and arranged
differently on the hypovalve. Plates with longitudinal rows of
points. A median apical plate is present. The epivalve usually has
12 plates P. Viguieri 2.
1. Cells 30-40,4 in length, with pentangular outline.
(237)
Longitudinal groove widens very distinctly towards the posterioro
.Plates are concave, frequently with thorn-like structures on the
antapical plates P ElDatiewskyi 1.
2. Cells 22-25M in length, with pentangular outline.
Longitudinal groove widens very distinctly towards the posterior.
Plates are concave, frequently with thorn-like structures on the
apical plates P. pygmaeum 2.
In the Elnatiewskyi group and subsequent groups, the
panelling pattern reaches its greatest simplicity within the genus
Peridinium. The number of plates on the epivalve has been reduced _
to the minimum of 11 to 10 plates, and even the arrangement
of the plates is of the most simple type. Four plates are grouped
around the apical pore: 1 1 -4 1 (or the rhomboid plate and three apical
plates). They are surrounded by the 7' (6) pre-equatorial plates (7" to 6").

53
1. Cells are ovoid to pyriform, 24-40f-{ in length with
(240) .
only six pre-equatorial plates, and no median apical plates; with
several spines`on the antapicàl plates .... . P. Cunnin:-tonii 1.
2. Cells are distinctly elongated, thinner, 30--40/q in
length with 7 pre-equatorial plates,.2 median apical plates, and
1 dorsal apical plate . . . . . . . . . . .. . . P. quadridens 2.
A. The dorsal apical.plate touches the apex and becomes plate 3'-
(244) .
1. Cells are ovoid, measuring 30 x 28Jq. Plates are smooth or
lightly punctate. The panelling pattern of the epivalve is
symmetrical , ^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . P.Penardii 1.
2. Cells are ellipsoidal or rhomboid, measuring 26-30 x 26-33;
the panelling pattern is asymmetrical .. P. berolinense 2,
B. The dorsal apical plate is remote fromthe apex:
3. Cells are ovoid or pyriform, often almost spherical, measuring
41--54 x 35-41^{ . Plates are frequently concave, faintly
areolated. vorsal apical plate is sexangular or pentangular.
P.Borgei3.
4. Cells are pentangular, 30-40A in length. Plates are plane
or slightly convex (rarely, one plate or another is concave).
Dorsal apical plate is pentangular. . . . P. penardifor.me 4.
5. Cells are ovoid, measuring 35 x 30R Plates are convex. Dorsal
apical plate is quadrangular. .... .. P. Kulczinskii 5.
While the panelling pattern is symmetrical in the species
P. Pene.rdii., tienardiî orme, Kulczinskii and BorLe:i 3 it is asymmetrial
in P. berolinense.

54
Key to the identification of the species.
(260)
1. Anterior horn is straight.
A. Flattening of cell is slight; always just two posterior horns
present. Horns are massive and bulky.
C. 13rachyceros 2 (P.281)
B. Flattening of cell is distinct; two to three posterior horns
are present. Horns are generally thin. C. hirundinella 1 (P.260)
II. Anterior horn runs obliquely to the transverse groove, curved towards
the right.
A. Anterior horn is short, bulky. Width of cells up to 85).i •
C cornutum 3 (P.282)
B. Anterior horn is relatively longer, somewhat thinner. Width of
cells up to 1044. Range of distribution .Atlantic.
c. carolinianum 4 (P.282)
Su l
(262)
A. Thin, long to very long, tricornute forms, up to 45A in width
(rarely up to 55,4) •
Apical portion of cell is shaped like a tall
cone, and thin.
1. Antapical horn is directed in the same direction as the apical
horn Furcoides type 1.
! 2. AntaiDical horn.points outWards just a little.
r -
! (a) Cell width 28-34M, length 148-280X. Silosiacum type 2.
-
,
• (b) Cell width 44-5514, length 375 VI3M, very thin forms.
Yuennanonse type, 3.

55
3. Antapical horn points inwards, is relatively short, and
occasionally is almost parallel to the apical horn. (Cells
are often up to 50.4 in width). ' Brachyceroides type 4.
B. Short, wide, tricornute forms, over 45)q in width and 115-170/q
in length. The two posterior horns divaricate slightly.
Carinthiacum type 5.
C. Short or long forms, over 45 ,4 in width; tetracerous under__
conditions of optimal development; the left postequatorial
horn may be either short andtruncated or developed as a distinct
horn. Apical portion is conical, but less tall (than in A), and
usually much flatter, often even capshaped.
1. Postequatorial horns do not divaricate, or divaricate only
slightly. In general, forms are still somewhat thin.
(a)Antapical horn is directed in the sanie direction as the
apical horn, and right postequatorial horn is parallel to
the antapical horn, occasionally slightly divaricating.
Cell body usually is without dorsal convexity (along the
longitudinal axis). Ridges produced by thickening in the
cell membrane are fragile and reticular. Gracile type 6.
(263)
(b) Antapical horn and postequatorial horn point more outwards.
Entire cell bodyis dorsally convex (along the
longitudinal axis). Ridges produced by thickening in the
cell membrane are solid and usually irregular.
2obustum type 7.

56
2. Divarication of postequatorial horns is. medium. Somewhat
smaller, w:ider, more bulky forms. Antapical horn points
outerards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austriacum type 8.
3. Postequatorial horns divaricate strongly.
(a) Antapical horn is short, directed'in the same direction
as the apical horn. The hypovalve is nôticeab7.y short.
Scotticum t•,rEe IF.
(b) Antapical horn is longer, and pointing outwards. The
hypovalve is somewhat longer. ... Piburgense t,ype 10.
Synopsis of families and Z^jnera.
(287)
i_ ^
, +..ai
ar e
> > • ^^ ,^
i.,,,,+,
^@11^ \JTl ^:yStlî! ïotill) 1C.fGn^âucuiy e1lliJUl.lGl, ^uia ^c., `Jr
fusiforLl, more or less cuspidate on both ends and often with
corneous extensions (acicular cysts), or flatly polygonal or
tetrahedral, with spines on the corners. Usually free-living
(only the genus Stylodinium, which is not to be treated here,
and two species of Cystodini um are attached). Reproduction is
zoosporous or autosporous.
Family: Cystodiniaceae nom. nov.
With 4 genera:
(a) Acicular cysts or elongated., non-cuspidate cysts.
Genus: Cystodinium
(b) Flat polygonal cysts with spines on the corners.
Genus: Dinastridium.
(c) Tetrahedral- cysts with spines on the corners:
Genus: Tetradinium

(d) Spherical, obovoid cysts, mounted on top of reletjzvelly
long stalks
Genus: Stylodinium (npt treated)
II. Cells (cysts) are spherical or ellipsoidal, not sessile..
forms (zoospore stage) are not known. Reproduction is eutPspProus
in character. • -
(a) Contents of cell are transformed into a body resembling
qymnodinium, which undergoes cleavage and fors twP
qymnodinium cells. These, however, remain non-meile and
are transformed into cells resembling autozpores.
Family: Hypnodiniaoee.e
One genus: Hypnodinium.
(b) Transformation of cell contents into cells resembling
gymnodinium no longer takes place. There occurs ollly
simple cell cleavage, whereupon the two daughter PellS
leave the mother cell as autospores.
Family: Phytodiniaceae
One genus: Phytodinium
.Key for Cystodinium
•
(2-89)
A. Cysts free-floating.
I. Cysts are elongated, curved in fusiform or lunate fashion,
narrowed on both ends and drawn out into more or less lPng,
colorless aciculae (membrane spines).
•
(a) Membrane spines are on both ends of the cyst.

58
1. Terminal spines are relatively thin, usually curved
and more or less long*
d,) Terminal spines are curved in the same direction,
occasionally almost parallel, usually more or
less divaricating (zoosporous). G. cornifax 2.
^3} One spine runs along the longitudinal axis of
the cyst, the other is deflècted from the longitudinal
axis at an angle (zoosporous).
G. Steinii 1^.,
b') Cysts are ellipsoidal, not narrowed very much
at the ends.. One of the-two membrane spines is
deflected in the opposite direction to the other.
Cyst contents and zoospores are-unknown,,
Ç, bisetosum 3-
2. Terminal spines are thicker, more or less long,
straight or curved.
oC)Cysts fusiform. Terminal spines are thick, almost
truncated, relatively long, and quite wide at the
base. Either they run in the direction of the longitudinal
axis, being straight or slightly curved, or
one spine is only moderately curved, while the other
is curved like a hockeystick. Zoospores have the
shape of a mn. fuse. ....... C.. novaculosum 5
Cysts lunate. Terminal spines are relatively short,
stout , acuminate, curved towards the "ventral

59
side". Zoospores are formed (2); their emercence
has not been observed ..... . C. Pers 6.
3. Ends of cysts are tapered,'thick, more or lees
truncated, and relatively short.
o4) Character of the protoplast is as in the case 0S
the Poridineae. Stigma present. Formation and
emergence of zoospores observed (zoosporous).
• C. bataviense 1.
A) Character of the protoplast is not as in the case
of the Peridineae, and there is no stigma. Formation
and emergence of autospores observed (autosporous).
C. lunare 7.
(b) Cysts with membrane spine on one end only. Spn i s
stout straight ormore or less curved. C. unicorne 8.
II. Cysts rounded at the ends, without spines. (290)
(a) CystS are elongatedly phaseoliform or roniform.
1. Cells elongatedly phaseoliform. Ends are narrowly
rounded, "ventral side" almost straight; shape re.
miniscent of Closterium Dusillum HAUTZSCH.Two Gvmno-
dinium-like zoospores observed. C. closterium 9.
2. Cells are stoutly reniform, with somewhat unequaily
rounded ends, which render them slightly asymmetrical.
Reproduction is by means of two types
ot zoosPores•
C. 2.122222Aus 10 1,

60
(b) Cysts are ellipsoidal. Autosporous.
C. Dominii 11.
(c) Cysts are citriform or barnacle—shaped; the zoospore
which possibly belongs to this species is shortly oval,
Symnodinium—like. A somewhat uncertain species.
C. dimorphs. 12.
B. Cysts are attached, stalked. With very short, wide stalks.
I. Cysts are reniform or thickly ellipsoidal, with a very
short s Stout membrane spine arising straight from the
side. Protoplasts of cysts are without grooves and stigma;
z oospores, in contrast, are endowed with a groove system,
stigma and pyrenoid. C. breviues 13.
II. Cysts appear oval when viewed from above, lunate in profile,
' circular in cross section, with a short, slightly curved,
lateral seine. Zoospores without stigma. C.. bicorne 14.