The chemistry, mineralogy, and rates of transport of sediments in the ...

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plupart des petits cours d'eau des basses terres de la vallEe du Mackenzie transportent actuellement une quantitE de sediments maximum ou presque maximum pour un debit donnd, et que tous les sediments supplementaires se deposeront au fond du lit pros de l'endroit of ils penEtreront dans le cours d'eau . On a remarque que les petits cours d'eau n'etaient pas capables de transporter immfidiatement les nouveaux sediments provenant de bouleversements naturels et technologiques dans leurs bassins . Nous pensons que, si les activites technologiques sont effectuees avec soin dons cette region, elles n'affecteront pas EnormEment les regimes de transport de sediments des rivibres les plus importantes . Nous suggErons fermement la creation de petits bassins de recherche expErimentale dens des regions reprlsentatives, E l'intErieur et I 1'extErieur des routes' de developpement prEvues dans la vallEe du Mackenzie et le nord du Yukon . Ces bassins de recherche expdrimentale devront Etre soigneusement entretenus afin que 1'on puisse mesurer les effets des activites technologiques sur les parties constituantes importantes'de 1'Ecosyst6me du bassin, experimenter de nombreuses hypotheses relatives E 1'interaction des bouleversements de terrain controlEs et des consequences sur le bassin, et fournir des Elements de contr6le stables afin de permettre des comparaisons ultErieures . Nous recoam andons 1'exp ansion du reseau actuel de debit, des sediments en suspension et des stations mEtEorologiques, en y incorporant notamment un plus grand nombre de petits bassins dans diverses regions de la vallEe du Mackenzie et du nord du Yukon .
1 INTRODUCTION In regions of northern Canada underlain by continuous or discontinuous permafrost (Brown, 1970), natural and man-induced changes in the thermal regime of high ice-content, fine-grained soils usually result in thermal erosion (Mackay, 1970). The thermal regime of these northern frozen soils has been influenced'by climatic amelioration (Lachenbruch et al ., 1962 ; Crampton, 1973), proximity to unfrozen water bodies (Lachenbruch et al ., 1962 ; Judge, 1973 ; Crampton, 1973 ; McRoberts and Morgenstern, 1973 ; Code, 1973 ; Mackay, -1963 ; Johnson and Brown," 1969), fire (Lotspeich et al ., 1970 ; Mackay, 1970 ; Heginbottom, 1973 ; Wein and Weber, 1974 ; Kurfurst, .1973 ; Bliss, 1973), changes in, or removal of vegetation (Bliss, 1973 ; Heginbottom, 1973 ; Haag and Bliss, 1974), vehicular or animal traffic (Mackay, 1970 : Heginbottom, 1973 ; Hernandez, 1973 ; Rickard and Slaughter, 1973 ; Radforth, 1973 ; Strang, 1973 ; Kurfurst ; 1973 ; Beattie et-aZ .,"1973),and roads, seismic line clearings and pipeline construction (Legget and MacFarlane, 1972 ; Lachenbruch, 1970 ; Kurfurst, 1973 ; Bliss, 1973 ; Mackay, 1970 ; Strang, 1973) . In the Mackenzie and Porcupine River Valleys, the distribution of terrain that is likely to be disturbed by development (roads, pipeline construction) has been described and mapped, based on vegetation, soil, permafrost, and surficial geological information (Crampton, 1973 ; Zoltai and Pettapiece, 1973 ; Zoltai and Tarnocai, 1974 ; Lavkulich, 1973 ; Rampton, 1974 ; Tarnocai, 1973 ; Forest Management Institute, 1974 ; Hughes, 1972 ; Rampton and Mackay, 1971 ; Rutter et al ., 1973) . If high ice-content, fine-grained frozen soils on slopes are unwisely disturbed by construction and development, the resulting slurry of water and sediment will move downslope to streams, rivers and lakes . There exist only limited data on the necessary hydrological and meteorological parameters required to estimate the sediment transport capacity of most rivers and streams of the Mackenzie Valley and northern Yukon (Davies, .1973 and 1974 ; Water Survey of Canada, 1970 ; Mackay, 1973 ; McDonald and Lewis, 1973 ; Hopkins et aZ .,1955 ; Williams,'1970 ; Church, .1974 ; Newb%ry, 1974 ; Anderson, 1974 ; Dingman, 1973a and 1973b' ; Burns, 1973 and 1974) . Very limited data are available for estimates of the natural variation of suspended sediments, bed load, and discharge in rivers of this region (Davies, 1974 ; McDonald and Lewis, 1973 ; Brunskill al ., 1973) . Hynes (1973) indicated . that sediment added-to temperate and tropical streams (in excess of the maximum suspended sediment load of the stream) will be deposited on the stream,bottom, and will deleteriously affect the habitat of fish and other aquatic organisms ., In surveys of Mackenzie Valley and northern Yukon fish resources, Hatfield (1972), Stein et al . (1973), Jessop et al . (1974), Dryden et al . (1973) ;,, Bryan et al . (1973), and Bryan (1973) have expressed great concern that "siltation" might be deleterious to northern fishes, although no observational or, .experimental demonstration of the effect of increased sedimentation on northern fish was given . Rosenberg and Snow (197`. nd Brunskill et aZ_.(1973) showed, by experiment and observations, * The second in a series of 13 technical reports on ecological studies of aquatic systems n the )Iackenzi~e and Porcupine drainages in relation to proposed pipeline and highway development .
Page 1 and 2: Department of the Environment Minis
Page 3 and 4: iii TABLE OF-CONTENTS Page List of
Page 5 and 6: V TABLE 8 . Page Mean annual rates
Page 7 and 8: vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 .
Page 9 and 10: ix ABSTRACT Brunskill, G . J ., P .
Page 11: xi RESUMt Brunskill, G . J ., P . C
Page 15 and 16: 3 Stream and river bottom sediments
Page 17 and 18: Annual rates of transport were obta
Page 19 and 20: 7 The total mass of sediments remov
Page 21 and 22: 9 Only two clay minerals were found
Page 23 and 24: 11 increased sediment concentration
Page 25 and 26: 13 changes in albedo, and the gener
Page 27 and 28: 15 Increases in the concentrations
Page 29 and 30: 17 which is positively related to w
Page 31 and 32: 19 and velocity (Fig . 1) . For the
Page 33 and 34: 21 It will be necessary to quantify
Page 35 and 36: 23 CONCLUSIONS 1 . For selected riv
Page 37 and 38: 25 REFERENCES Abrahams, A . D . and
Page 39 and 40: 27 Corbel, J . 1964 . L erosion ter
Page 41 and 42: 29 Hughes, 0 . L ., J . J . Veillet
Page 43 and 44: 33 McRoberts, E . C . and N . R . M
Page 45 and 46: 33 Tarnocai, C . 1973 . Soils of th
Page 47 and 48: , 35 e TABLE 2a . Slopes ') and int
Page 49 and 50: 37 i TABLE 2c . Slopes (b) and inte
Page 51 and 52: i 39 b TABLE 3 . Average annual mas
Page 53 and 54: 41 v b TABLE 5 . Cation exchange ca
Page 55 and 56: N c . P TABLE 7a . Ranges of concen
Page 57 and 58: I a m r TABLE 8 . Mean annual rates
Page 59 and 60: 01 TABLE 10. Mean annual rates of t
Page 61 and 62: 49 TABLE 12 . Significance of regre
Page 63 and 64:
TABLE 14 . Mean concentrations of s
Page 65 and 66:
9 Q TABLE 16 . A comparison of annu
Page 67 and 68:
TABLE 17 . cont'd River Year Date S
Page 69 and 70:
S TAME 17 . cont'd River Year Date
Page 71 and 72:
TABLE 17 . cont'd River Year Date Q
Page 73 and 74:
It • TABLE 17 . cont'd River Year
Page 75 and 76:
TABLE 17 . cant 'd River Year Date
Page 77 and 78:
2 =0.67 100,000- N E Y a 10,000- Y
Page 79 and 80:
c 11 I C- 10 - E n I, 0 10- E e 0.1
Page 81:
II (m 3 vnnr - ' v In'6 1 r r, m A
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