Translation Series No.997
Translation Series No.997
Translation Series No.997
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FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA<br />
<strong>Translation</strong> bories No. 997<br />
Utilization of food for growth and conditions<br />
for maximum production of the rotifer<br />
. Draohionue ocayciflorus Pallas<br />
By G. A. Galkovskaya . .<br />
Original title: Ob ispol'zovanii pishchi na rost i ob usloviyakh<br />
maksimarnogo vykhoda produktsii kolovratki Brachionua<br />
ocayairierue Pallas.<br />
From: - Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 42, No, 4, pp.. 506-512, 1963.<br />
Translated by the <strong>Translation</strong> Bureau(aTM)<br />
Foreign Languages Division<br />
Department of. the Secretary of State of Canada<br />
Fisheries Research eoard of Canada<br />
Marine Ecology Laboratory<br />
Dartmouth, N.S.<br />
1968<br />
13 pages typescript
,<br />
• • DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE<br />
-TRANSLATION BUREAU<br />
FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION<br />
-4.;/ ./7‘e•-o ,<br />
C/ /-<br />
SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT<br />
BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS<br />
DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES<br />
• YOUR NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCH CITY<br />
. •<br />
VOTRE N ° MINISTRE DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE<br />
. 769-18-14 Fisheries Research Editorial Dartmouth, N.S.<br />
• Board<br />
OUR NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DATE<br />
NOTRE N° LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES)<br />
0478 Russian JTM 28 February 1968<br />
UTILIZATION OF FOOD FOR GROWTH AND CONDITIONS FOR<br />
MAXIMUM PRODUCTION OF THE ROTIFER BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS<br />
PALLAS.<br />
G.A. Galkovskaya<br />
(Belorussian State University, Minsk).<br />
Quantitative studies of trophic interrelationships<br />
among aqueous animals at the oresent time is of great interest<br />
for explaining the loss of the production process in water<br />
reservoirs and for developing the most rational and economic<br />
methods of cultivating aqueous organlens as food for<br />
- artificially-reared fish and for other purposes.<br />
The most poorly studied in this sense are the<br />
rotifers, they frequently make up a significant part of the<br />
biomass of the zooplankton in reservoirs, the features of<br />
their biology (short life cycle, high reproductivity, etc.)<br />
make them an interesting item for large scale propbgation<br />
as a food for fish.<br />
This article discusses material on utilization of<br />
food bY the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas with<br />
various concentrations of algae Scenedesmus obligmus and<br />
. conditions for maximum production of the rotifer when it<br />
uses this food.<br />
SOS-200-10-s
To find the conditions that would guarantee maximum production<br />
of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus cultures, which is one of the<br />
most eurytopic species, a series of experiments was carried out<br />
to determine the intensity of alimentation, respiration and the<br />
rate of growth of rotifers at different concentrations of algae<br />
which served as their food.<br />
The experiments in determination of intensity of<br />
alimentation were carried out in test tubes of various sizes<br />
(45, 9, 1 ml) at a density of 20 rotifers per 1 ml ab a<br />
temperature of 19-20 0 C. The duration of the experiment was<br />
20-24 hours. Each experiment was doubly repeated. A total<br />
of 75 experiments were carried out.<br />
When computing the amount of food devoured on a<br />
basis of a reducbion in the amount of algae during the<br />
experiment, account was taken of the increase in algae and<br />
the consumption of it by the rotifers. If the amount of<br />
algae in the control sample at the end of the experiment had<br />
increased insignificantly, then it was assumed that the<br />
increase in algae and the consumption by rotifers was linear.<br />
Increase in the control sample was expressed as (C k- C 0 ),<br />
where Ck- concentration of algae in the control sample at the<br />
end of the experiment; C o - initial concentration of algae<br />
in the experiment and in the control sample. The increase in<br />
the experiment is evidently less by as many times as the<br />
average number of cells in the control sample, therefore,<br />
it equals:<br />
(Ch<br />
Q) . (Co .1 " et)<br />
(: 0<br />
where: C. - concentration of algae in the experiment after<br />
time t .<br />
From this:<br />
2.<br />
(C0 + Ct)<br />
b [ (c - C - I - (Ch - - •<br />
2C 0 (C 1, — C 1 )<br />
'<br />
where: b- number of cells devoured per unit of time;<br />
t- duration of experiment. L22_<br />
In a few cases, when the algae concentration in<br />
the control sample at the end of the experiment had increased<br />
greatly in comparison with the initial amount, the growth of<br />
algae was considered to be exponential: . k ---c o ce, , where<br />
e- base for natural logarithms, a- constant for rate of<br />
growth of algae. Allowing that the rate of consumption during<br />
the experiment did not depend on the concentration of algae,<br />
the change in algae concentration during the experiment can be
expressed in the following manner:<br />
dc-<br />
-<br />
dl •<br />
which, in the integrated form is:<br />
a<br />
ax<br />
aje •<br />
from this:<br />
b= aC--c<br />
•<br />
1—eax<br />
substituting the values for<br />
experiments.<br />
• • •<br />
•<br />
b<br />
a, x, we have:<br />
c oln<br />
c,c h —c t<br />
Figure •1 is a logarithmic graPh of the results of these<br />
The ordinate axis represents the logarithm of the<br />
number of cells devoured per hour by one rotifer.<br />
• •<br />
The abscissa<br />
axis reprents the logarithm of the average concentration of<br />
algae in the experiment in cells/ml, i.e., (C 0 Ct )/2. The<br />
ration is increased when the average concentration of algae is<br />
increased to approximately 1.5 million cells/ml.<br />
When the<br />
concentration is increasal_further the ration does not increase.<br />
e.e/16<br />
Ca 0.5c,,,ned<br />
per boa v.<br />
(y79,7 Ililn 5 )<br />
41e•<br />
gm.?<br />
Figure 1.<br />
ve • 1 I ,„<br />
Leiv.; per- nil (frn;Itie4<br />
Relationship of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus<br />
feeding intensity to concentration of food.<br />
The work by L.A. Erman (1962) contains a graph for<br />
the intensity of feeding of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus<br />
when the food concentration in the medium (algae Lagerheimia<br />
ciliata) is from 2 to 60 mgm/1.<br />
Our data, obbained under the<br />
same concentration of food in the medium as those in the<br />
experiments conducted by L.A. Erman, are shown in figure 2.
The graph shows that the data obtained were similar.<br />
ka<br />
(-2 b srenc..« Ç 40 11<br />
pe-r 30 -<br />
ro<br />
/h niern.)<br />
ki valid y eke la<br />
0<br />
0 0<br />
o x 0<br />
Figure 2.<br />
e0 §0 711 09 74-i'0 I •<br />
6110,vocca 0001'nocner2 L b,,,y17 d qc?'2 &wind--; / ■ 7<br />
J/<br />
Rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus feeding intensity<br />
at various concentrations of food in the medium.<br />
The points indicate data by L.A. Erman, the crosses<br />
our data.<br />
The reproduction rate for rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus<br />
was studied by 2 methods: method of individual cultivation and<br />
the population cultivation method.<br />
The individual cultivation<br />
method has been used before in the study of biological indices<br />
of rotifers (Spemann, 1924; Jennings and Lynch, 1928;<br />
Vasil'eya and Okuneva, 1961; Edmondson, 1960), We cultivated<br />
rotifers in perforated glass (volume of bhe medium - 0.05 m1).<br />
Observations were made daily, at which time the new-born i'otifers<br />
were'placed in<br />
fresh perforated glasses. By this method we<br />
raised rotifers on 5 food concentrations: 0.1; 0.5; 1.0; 3.0,<br />
and 5 million cd1F3 /m1, Figure 3 is a semi-logarithmic graph of<br />
the growth and the number of specimens in parthenogenetic clones.<br />
The points fell on straight lines, which is a proof of exponential<br />
growth in all 4 cases.<br />
In the fourth case it would be worthwhile<br />
carrying out a longer test; the relationship is not sufficiently<br />
clear due to the low reproduction rate. At a concentration of<br />
0.1 million cel1p/m1 reproduction was completely undetectable.<br />
The relative diurnal increase was calculated on the L.50.._
asis of (ek-1) 100%. The values E 0 and k, required for<br />
calculation of the relative increase, were obtained with the<br />
help of the method of least squares for each of the four series<br />
(each series had 3-4 test lines) as a result of calculation by<br />
means of the formula for exponential growth (ek--1) 1010%. , where<br />
Et - number of rotifers in a clone during time t; E0 - original<br />
number of rotifers; k- coefficient; t- time in days.<br />
5.<br />
2[ tga<br />
aa<br />
2 0.911<br />
b<br />
Or<br />
45<br />
0,5<br />
17 4 e'itte ° 1 2 -1-4 4 1-474111<br />
-2' 4"---1 1 4<br />
tai:<br />
45 tg /7 e 11 1 5 1- i9 /I<br />
x >
Table 1<br />
Table 2<br />
Relationship of rate of increase Relationship of rate of increase<br />
of rotifers at food concentrations in rotifers to food concentrations<br />
during individual cultivation in 'experiments with populations<br />
6.<br />
Kommnpauird<br />
'noun m:nt<br />
KAMA<br />
5<br />
3<br />
1<br />
0,5<br />
' 0,1<br />
eei.) (b)<br />
OnlocniummWi<br />
111)111 , 0C r 3:t<br />
cynut<br />
ILOU,<br />
(C)<br />
1,206 1,675 67,5<br />
0,709 1,172 47, 9<br />
0,709 1,472<br />
47,2<br />
0,86 9 1,165 16,5<br />
1,000 0<br />
;<br />
11,10111111101<br />
0, 5<br />
3<br />
—0<br />
:JWV.W.1<br />
MaL—(C)--<br />
1 0<br />
1 0<br />
1 0<br />
23,80<br />
40,05<br />
75,60<br />
e K<br />
1,535<br />
2,011<br />
2,746<br />
53,5<br />
101,4<br />
174,6<br />
Legend: a- food concentration Legend:<br />
in millions of cells/ml;<br />
b- E 0 ; o- ek ;<br />
d- relative increase<br />
per day (ek-1).100%<br />
a -<br />
b -<br />
c -<br />
food concentration<br />
in millions of cells/ml;<br />
E 0 specimens/m1;<br />
E2 specimens/ml;<br />
Even though in ail cases the test clones .<br />
began from<br />
one parthenogenetic female the computed values for E 0 deviated<br />
significantly from unity.<br />
The explanation is that the increase<br />
on the first day is not typical for the subsequent period of<br />
exponential growth of the clone due to adaptation of the organism<br />
to conditiore during the first day. Greater increase follows /505<br />
A<br />
a corresponding inerease in food concentration. The greatest<br />
value for daily increase was obtained at an algae concentration<br />
of 5 million cells/ml and amounts to 67.5%. When the<br />
concentration is , greater than this (up to 60 million cells/ml)<br />
greater increase.in rotifers was not observed.<br />
The results of<br />
individual cultivation have essential significance since they<br />
showed the greater increase in rotifers with increasing concentration<br />
of food up to very dense concentrations, meanwhile, the<br />
exponential growth of the clone was preserved.<br />
For rotifer population cultivation the increase was<br />
evaluated using three food concentrations: 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0<br />
million cells/ml. The experiment with population was carried out
7.<br />
in high glass jars holding 200 ml. The density of rotifers<br />
was 10 specimens/mi. After 48 hours the concentration of<br />
rotifers was counted in the experimental jars, after which<br />
the entire increase of rotifers was collected by filtering<br />
a part of the culture proportional to the increase through 4<br />
layers of gauze No, 74. The algae concentration was<br />
counted and brought up to the original altount every 24 hours,<br />
whereby the volume of the culture was kept constant, The<br />
experiment lasted for one month (from the 6th of September to<br />
the 6th of October 1961). Figure 4 shows the histograms for<br />
all three variations of the experiments. Knowing the initial<br />
amount of rotifers in the experiment (E 0 )<br />
and their number<br />
after 2 days (E t ), we computed the diurnal increase.<br />
calculated increase is given in table 2.<br />
The calculation is<br />
based on the assumption at the increase followed the exponential<br />
law . Observation of the spread of algae in the control jars<br />
showed uratically no growth among the algae 1 When computing<br />
the daily ration, a correction was applied only for consumption<br />
The<br />
due to the increase in rotifers.<br />
The daily ration computed in<br />
the experiment agreed with the rations obtained in special<br />
experiments on the change in feeding rate which will be described<br />
elsewhere.<br />
At food concentration of 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 million cd1s/m1<br />
the diurnal increase was respectively, 53, 101, and 175% (table 2).<br />
1 The algae used in this experiment were raisedin a suecial<br />
environment for cultivating algae in stable conditions<br />
of current, temperature and light. The algae used in all<br />
the remaining experiments were raised in non-standard<br />
conditions.
Experiments were also carried out on determination<br />
of respiratory intensity of rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus<br />
in tap water and in a medium consisting of algae Scenedesmus<br />
obliguus (0.1-5 million cells/ml). The experiments were carried<br />
out in the dark, in jars with fitted lids (volume of jars<br />
8-11 ml). Before the experiment the rotifers were kept for<br />
one day in appropriate concentrations of algae or in tap water.<br />
In all the experiments the density of rotifers was 18-20 specimens/<br />
ml. Oxygen was determined by the micro-modification Winkler<br />
method. The amount of consumed oxygen was computed from the<br />
difference between the oxygen content in the experimental jar<br />
and in the control jar under the same conditions. In those cases<br />
where the experiment was carried out in an algae medium a<br />
correction was applied which was obtained fromihe amount of<br />
algae consumed by the rotif ers.<br />
According to data provided by Yu. S. Belyatskaya<br />
(1959), who measured the intensity of Brachionus calyciflorus<br />
metabolism by means of a floating microrespirometer, rotifer<br />
absorbs 0.32 x 10 -5 mgm 02 per hour at 20 0 C.<br />
According to<br />
our data, the respiratory intensity for rotifers in tap water<br />
is 0.12 x l0<br />
02 snecimens/hour and when the algae<br />
concentration is increased this value grows to 0.72 x 10<br />
02 specimens/hour at 20 0 C. It can be seen that the common<br />
level of metabolism for rotifers in an algae medium is<br />
approximately 3 times as high as the level of Metabolism in<br />
8 .<br />
tap water.<br />
Having the required empirical data on increase,<br />
metabolism and rations for rotifers at different concentrations<br />
of algae, we computed the amount of food consumed by the<br />
rotifers in populations and when cultivated individually (tables<br />
3 and 4). Food assimilation was l/u = 0.21-0.52. Similar<br />
figures for assimilation are given for some soil Diplopoda /510<br />
(Drift, 1958; l/u = 0.05-0.10), and for long-horned grasshoppers<br />
Orchelimum fidicinum (Smalley, 1960; l/u = 0.275).
9 .<br />
Yu. I. Sorokin and E.D. Mordukhay-Roltovskaya (1962) give<br />
the figure of 0.16-0.22 for assimilation by rotifer<br />
Asnlanchna priodonta Gosse and Asnlanchna herricki de Guerne.<br />
It should be remembered that our experiments were carried out<br />
under conditions of continual excess of food supply, and<br />
experience in this regard as shown that when there is a continual<br />
excess of food the assimilation by many herbivorous animals<br />
is generally low. The limits of assimilation and its connection<br />
with filtration ability and intensity of metabolic processes<br />
is not understood at the present time due to a shortage of<br />
empirical material. For a given value of l/u with an increase in<br />
the ration R there should also be an increase in P if the<br />
expenditures for metabolism T remain constant. Consequently,<br />
there will be a greater increase in the event that the<br />
assimilation remains constant or decreases slower than the<br />
ration was increased (it is assumed that the rates are expressed<br />
in co-measurable units, for example in cells/daM. If the /511<br />
assimilation decreases more raoidly, then after a certain<br />
plateau is reached an increase in the ration will result in<br />
a drop in the value of P. The size of the plateau is determined<br />
by the ratio of the rates of these two processes.
120- 8<br />
1115 - ‘; 7<br />
90- 6<br />
75-<br />
?, 50<br />
Th 45 3<br />
\n 30- 2<br />
G 15-1<br />
s•<br />
II -<br />
o<br />
=1 EM 2<br />
1 0.<br />
'sp.)<br />
•-t- 175-<br />
12<br />
eta<br />
"%•-• 150 - 8<br />
125-%<br />
o 4<br />
75-<br />
10.A.<br />
Table 3<br />
Utilization of food in experiment with populations<br />
Konueurpauun Pauuon<br />
Boippocncfl,<br />
Icynz<br />
MAI( KrA<br />
KaA/KaAl<br />
3 5,5<br />
1 3,4<br />
0,5 3,2<br />
nimpocr fi,<br />
suA/KaAI<br />
/fen<br />
1,74<br />
1,01<br />
0,53<br />
06NICH n<br />
MIA/Kali<br />
' 110<br />
0,48<br />
1,08<br />
0,60<br />
K, 1/11<br />
0,36<br />
0,26<br />
0,19<br />
0.69<br />
0,57<br />
0,47<br />
0,45<br />
0,52<br />
0,35<br />
Legend:<br />
a- algae concentration in millions of cells/ml;<br />
h- ration A, in cal/cal/daY;<br />
C- growth P 9 cal/cal/day;<br />
d- metabolism T in cal/cal/day.<br />
Table 4<br />
Utilization of food in experiment with individual cultures<br />
Konueurpaunx Pattnou P, Hpupoerfi, 06mvit T,<br />
nom,pocJwil, KaAlKill/ Na.11m14/ MIIRdA/<br />
j<br />
K1 A', 2 1,41<br />
M AIL KA /MA /q1111<br />
5 -M (4)<br />
„,. leynt<br />
/,-, c)<br />
5,8 0,67 0,77 0,11 0,46 0,25<br />
3 5,8 0,47 0,77 0,08 0,38 0,21<br />
1 3,8 0,47 0,77 0,12 0,38 0,32<br />
0,5 2,6 0,16 0,62 0,04 0,20 0,30<br />
0,1 0,9 0,00 0,37 -- -- 0,40<br />
Legend: as for table 3.
11.<br />
Up to maximum ration the assimilation dropPed much more<br />
slowly than the ration was increased, and the growth P was<br />
tripled.<br />
The case where assimilation remains constant while<br />
the ration is increased cari be explained by the tendency "to<br />
sacrifice efficiency for greater production" (Odum and Pinkerton,<br />
1955). Lotka (A.J. Lotka, 1925) suggested the law of<br />
energy maximum for biological systems. He considers that the<br />
most important factor in the survival of the organism is the<br />
great expenditure of energy in the form of product;<br />
he calls<br />
the greatest yield of product the criteria for survival of<br />
systems of different types. Insofar as the efficiency of<br />
utilization of food is concerned, this is usually expressed<br />
by small values. Odum and Pinderton have demonstrated very<br />
well in a model of anEnergy system that even under the best<br />
conditions the ratio of growth to ration does not exceed 50%.<br />
A study of the coefficient of utilization of food for growth<br />
by young growing stages of some aqueous creatures (protozoa,<br />
worms, mollusks, fish) gave almost coincident values which<br />
fluctuated around 30%, which goes to prove that these values<br />
are stable and change little even with changes in temperature<br />
over a very wide interval (Ivlev, 1937, 1938). In those natural<br />
communities where there is little food, a more efficient utilization<br />
of food by organisms predominates.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
/512<br />
A relative value for diurnal growth in population,<br />
equalling 175% wa<br />
obtained during laboratory cultivation of<br />
rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas. The purpose of the
f<br />
12.<br />
'•<br />
experiment was to determine the conditions under which maximum<br />
production could be achieved. This increase was reached when<br />
the rotifer density was 10 specimens/ml under conditions of<br />
very high food concentration (algae Scenedesmus obliguus<br />
3 million cells/ml), when the ration reached the limit, the<br />
food assimilation l/u was 0.45, while the coefficient of<br />
utilization of food for growth was 36%.<br />
BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
1. Belyatskaya Yu. S.,1959. Using the floating<br />
microrespirometer for measuring gaseous interchange in<br />
zooplankton. Report to the Academy of Sciences BSSR,<br />
No. 7. 315-317.<br />
2. Vasireva G.L., Okuneva G.L., 1961. Studies<br />
in rearing rotifer Br. rubens Ehrb. as food for young fish.<br />
Vopr. ichtol., t.I: 752-761.<br />
3. Iviev V.S., 1937. Conversion of energy by<br />
invertebrates during growth, Bulletin of Moscow Society of<br />
Nature Experiments, otdel. biol., t. XXXII (4): 267-277.<br />
4. Sorokin Yu. I., Mordukhay-Boltovskaya E.D.,<br />
1962. A C 14 study of Rotifer Asplanchna feeding. Bulletin<br />
of the Inst. of Water Reservoir Biology, No. 12: 17-20.<br />
5. Erman L.A., 1962. The qualitative aspects of<br />
feeding and food selection by the plankton rotifer<br />
Brachionuus calyciflorus Pallas, Zool. zh., t. LXI, vyp. 1:34:38.
• • -• 7-r•<br />
al•• •<br />
13<br />
11. Spemann, F.W., 1927. On the Duration of Life, Senescence<br />
and Other Questions Relating to the Biology of the Rotatoria.<br />
Z. wiss. Zool., vol. 123: 1-36.<br />
•<br />
JIIITEPATYPA<br />
1.5 eaaltKaa 10. C., 1959. flpameneline normanKonoro NumpopecnupoNft-rpa i< uaNtepenino<br />
rasoo6metia y imanwrommix wiinoTuidx, AH BCCP, N2 7: 315-317.<br />
.2..B a c u a bena r. TI.. OKyuena r. ii., 1961. OfIbITI1 110 pa3ne.:tenitio Ko.lonpaTmt Br. rubens<br />
Elirb. i