May June 1980 - Commodore Computers

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22 COMPUTE. MAY/JUNE. I 198O \980. ISSUE 4. NEED MORE ROM ROOM? The Spacemaker $27.00 $2?.oo Now a Product of CGRS Microtech The Spacemaker fami ly provides expansion ROM capability for owners of new Commodore PETs and C BMs. The Spacemaker family provides expansion ROM capability for owners of new Commodore PETs and CBMs. The Space makers' Present: The Spacemakers' Present: The Spacemakers' Future: Switch Between Your Toolkit and Word Pro II ROM Add the Computhink Option and switch between your Toolkit and Computhinks new ROM DOS your Toolkit and Computhinks new ROM DOS Dealers ass of ol February. February, 198O 1980 A a B Computers 115 E. E Slump Stump Rd. Monlgomeryv,jle. Montgomeryvlle. PA 18936 \8QJ6 Active Businesl Business Iv\ochines Machines 23 Bela Beta Courl Court Son San Romoo. Ramon. CA 94583 415·837·4421 415-B37-4421 ACT/Pehoil ACT/Petsoft Rodclytle Radclyfte House 66-68 Hogley Hagley Rd Edgbaslor\ Edgoaston. Birmingham England B16 8PF American Peripherals 3 Bongor Bangot 51. Si. lindenhurst. Lindenhurst. NY N.Y. 11757 516-226·0552 516-226-O552 Bils Bits & Byles Bytes 28OO 2800 Straight Rd FredOOO. Fiedonia. NY 14063 14O63 7)6-673-1682 716-673-1682 Computer Cenler Center 01 ot South Bend 51591 US 31 Noflh North South Bend, Bend. IN 46637 Computer Factory, Factory. Inc 485 lellinglon Lexington Ave New York. NY lOOt7 1OO17 212-687-5001 212-687-5OO1 Computer Innovations. innovations. LId Ltd. 171 In SIoter Slater 51. St Ollo Ottawa. wo. OnIOlio Onlano Canada KIP 5H7 Computer NOQI( Nook rh. Rt 46 Pinebrook Plaza Pineblook:. Pinebrook. NJ 070 O7O58 56 201·575·9468 201-575-9468 Computer Specioll.es Specialty 3820 382O MinIon Mmton Rd Melbourne. FL 23901 239O1 305·724·7314 305-724-7314 Computer Systems & SoUw0I9 Software 8Iond Bland Olliee Office Slog Bldg Q28 928 N. N York Vork · ■ $vile Suite 19 Muskogee. Oklo Okla 74401 744O1 918·687·3101 918-687-3161 Computersl'"oP shop 10I"l0l janal #12 III coursHerbouv~le rile lyon. Lyon. France 69004 69OO4 Conti Electronics 5656 Frmer Fraser Vancouver. Blitish British Columbia CanadO Canada V5W 2Z4 Dota Data EQUipment Equipment Supply 8315 6315 Firestone Blvd. Downey. CA 90241 9O241 213·923·Q361 213-923-9361 ()clog Dialog Computer 5003 5OO3 Rick Dr Sonta Santa Rosa. Rosa, CAA Q5405 954O5 707·538·06L3 7O7-538-OW3 Future DistriOOtion Distribution. Inc. Trimei Trime~ Bldg. Bldg, RI. Rt. 11 1! Mooers. NY 12Q58 12958 The HI· HI-FI ShOP Shcp 4680 468C Holladay Holiaday Blvd Soli Salt lake Lake Cily. City. Utah 84117 801·277·262Q BO1-277-2629 Home Computers inS 1775 E. Tropicana Unit Un.! 2 lm Los Vegas, Vegas. Nevada Nevado 8QI09 B91O9 702·J36·636,) 702-736 6363 K·Smith K-Smith Associates 11 Most Mast COUI! Courl Socromento. Sacramento, CA Q5831 9583! MBC M8C Systems 28 MarlbOro Marlboro St, St. PQ(tland. Portland. Cl 06480 O648O Malad Melad Associates 1 Perry Rd. E Blvnswick. Brunswick. NJ 08810 O8816 201·828·3682 2O1-B26-3682 MiCro Micro MII"I Mini Computer WOIIa World 74 Robinwood Ave. Columbus. OH 43213 MiniComp Systems ltd Ltd 5666 Stanley St Halifax, Ho :.'fo~ . Novo Nova Scotia Canada anadO B3K 2G1 Mr ColculotOl Calculator 160 E EI ElCamino Camr'lO Real Mt '.flew. View. CA Q40 94O4O 40 NCE/Compumalt NCE/Compumart 270 27O Third SI. St. CambrlOge. Cambridge. MA 02142 O2142 New Enoland England Electronics Coo. 67Q 679 Highland Ave Needham. MA Orlando londo ElectronIC Electronic Co 2356 W. W Oak Ridge Rc1 Rd. OrlandO. Orlando. Fl FL 32809 328O9 PC Computers 10166 1O166 Son San Pablo Ave. EI El Cerrito. Cernto. Co Ca Q4530 9453O 41S·527·6657 415-527-6657 Programmable EIeClronic Electronic CalcuiaiorC a lC uIol or~ LId Ltd 1746·48 1746-48 W. Chapman Orange. CA 92668 na.Q78·65a7 714-978-6587 TeleviSion Television elect Elect Disl Dist PO. P Bo. Bo* 10525 1O525 Johannesburg 2000 2OOO South Souih Alrica AltiCo TySON Tysons Computer Emoonum Emporium 1984 Cham hain Blidge Bridge Rd Mclean McLean. VA 2210 221O11 703·82HU33 7O3-8218333 While it looks as if Commodore's Word Pro III ROM may move to $AOOO $A000 (thus avoiding the conflict with the current version of the Toolkit), three U.S. software vendors (that we know of) are currently working on ROM based software packages. Look out conflicts! cts! Start with Spacemaker as your ROM swi tching Start with Spacemaker as your ROM switching device, Vice, and it can grow as your problems do. Spacemaker and its family of optional devices allow you to: allow you to: Select one of two ROMs at the same address space... ... Use two Spacemakers to select one of each of two pairs of ROMs at adjoining address spaces... (Spacemaker is designed vertically, so you can plug them into empty sockets, side by side!) Add our software control option and you can Daisy·chain Daisy-chain Spacemakers together (with simple little jumpers- jumpers· the pins you plug into are already built into every Spacemaker) and you can switch select between one of four ROMs at the same address space. Daisy-chain more and keep selecting... Don't get left behind in the ROMM Race. Space· Space- maker can grow as your switching problems do. Visit your local dealer to get the full story. MICROTECH, MICROTECH, the PEDISK Company. P.O. Box 102 Langhorne, PA 19047 215-757-0284 PET is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines Spacemaker (formerly a product of Small System Services. Services, Inc.) is a trademark of CGRS Microtech. The BASIC Programmer·s Programmer's Toolkit is a trademark of Palo Alto ICs.
MAY/JUNE. 1980 198O ISSUE 4. 4 COMPUTE. 23 dissipation ipat ion (250 mW typical for the 6502 versus 600 _ 11 ~Il I Il(llOO (OO tlOtKC ' 1OO - mW typical for the 6800), and good noise immunity. mW typical fo r the 6800), and good noise immunity. The 6502 device is one of 10 software-compatible microprocessors that MOS Technology intro troduced in 1975 as the 6500 Series. Through second duced in 1975 as the 6500 Series. Through secondsource agreements, thee 6500 Series is also produced by Rockwell International and Synertek. All 10 microprocessors have thee same instruction set and the same basic architecture, varying only in size and hardware options. The 6500 Series has been very popular since its introduction, n, and by the end of 1978, more 6500-Series 6500-Serics microprocessors were being shipped than all other 8-bit microprocessors, be ing shipped than all other 8-bit microprocessors, including the 8080 and 6800. Today, the best-selling selling 8-bit microprocessors are di vided into two distinct families'-the 8080/ Z80 divided into two distinct families-1—the 8080/Z80 family, with itss register-oriented architecture, and the 6500/6800 family, with itss memory-mapped architec ture. . Which architecturere will be the more favored in the 1980s? It is impossible to know which at in th e 1980s? It is impossibl e to know which at thiss time, but the manufacturers of the 6800 and 6500 dev ices arc banking solidl y on their opinion and 6500 devices are banking solidly on their opinion that the more minicomputer-like architecture holds the greatest potential for advanced circuits. Intel Corporation has not t yet shown signs off sharing this opinion, n, but it may be significant to note notc that thc the latest 16-bit microprocessor r from Zilog, Inc., the Z8000, represents a solid break with the In c., the Z8000 , represents a solid break with the 8080/Z80 design concept by including memorymapped memory- I/O. THE 6502 MICROPROCESSOR THE 65O2 MICROPROCESSOR The 6502 microprocessor can be combined with memory and input/output integrated circuits to form a microcomputer. As the e "heart"" " of the e microm icro computer, the 6502 regulates all operations of the microcomputer, based on the e sequence ofo f instructions (the program) that it is executing. The 6502 can execute e 56 different types of instructions. ions. TheT various combinations ofo f addressing g that are available for use by individual instruction n types give the microprocessor a total of 151 executable instructions. The 6502 instruction set is described in detail in subsequent chapters of this book; for now, let us focus our attention on the internal organization (the architecture) of the e 6502 and find out alit how w it operates. Fig. 1-1 is a block diagramd of the internal architecture of the 6502. It shows the elements of the microprocessor m and the buses by which they communi cate with w each other o and with external circuits. its. The 6502 contains s most of o f the e control and decision- n making g logic, so only y a few additional circuits are required to configure a small microcomputer system. One of the e functions of this is additional control logic is to provide the 6502 microprocessor with a clock signal that the internal clock generator will use to generate its two-phase system clock. The 6502 also requires a single + 5 -volt dc power supply. • .. " .. .. .. ., • "SI' yer CICO~( " 'lSI ., ., .. .. 0 ." ." '" '" ". '" 11"', 11". I I ' 1·' 1 .1 III \ ' I I Fig. 1·1. 1-1. Block dilgtlm diagram of th. the 6502 microptoCUlot. microprorcisoi. Courtesy Rockwell International All of the other inputs and outputs of the 6502 All of the other inputs and outputs of the 6502 integrated circuit are compatible with standard transistor-transistor-logic (TTL). transistor-transistor-logic (TTL). MACHINE CODE AND ASSEMBLY ~ l ...' · MACHINE CODE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE For the 6502 microprocessor to perform a specific c task, it must be programmed to do so. A program is nothing more than a sequence of instructions stored in sequential memory locations. The 6502 executes es the e program, , one instruction at a lime. time. It fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it, il , performs rms the e decoded command, and then fetches the e next instruction. This cycle is repeated until all instructions in the program have been executed. . What do these instructions look like? Since the 6502 microprocessor is simply a collection of electronic circuits s (albeit in microscopic form), the instructions are composed of binary numbers (l's and 0's) O's) that cause some internal crnal electrical signals to be turned on, , others to be turned off. The 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor, so these binary instructions are arc comprised of o f multiples of 8 binary bits. bilS. In early y computers, computcrs, all programming was done in the binary form, , normally y with switches controlling g the individual ividu bits—to s-to set a bit to "1," " I, " turn the switch on; o n; to reset a bit to "0," " turn the e switch off. o fT. Hut But a string of l's 1 's and a 0's O's presents such a confusing mess that the computer industry soon realized the e need for decimal loaders, which allowed
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Look To MTU For 6502 System Expansi
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May June 1980 - Commodore Computers

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