Vascular calcification and osteoporosis—from clinical observation ...

258 Osteoporos Int (2007) 18:251–259
7. Watson KE, Abrolat ML, Malone LL, Hoeg JM, Doherty T,
Detrano R, Demer LL (1997) Active serum vitamin D levels are
inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation
96:1755–1760
8. Parhami F, Morrow AD, Balucan J, Leitinger N, Watson AD,
Tintut Y, Berliner JA, Demer LL (1997) Lipid oxidation products
have opposite effects on calcifying vascular cell and bone cell
differentiation. A possible explanation for the paradox of arterial
calcification in osteoporotic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc
Biol 17:680–687
9. Jie KG, Bots ML, Vermeer C, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE (1996)
Vitamin K status and bone mass in women with and without aortic
atherosclerosis: a population-based study. Calcif Tissue Int
59:352–356
10. Doherty TM, Fitzpatrick LA, Inoue D, Qiao JH, Fishbein MC,
Detrano RC, Shah PK, Rajavashisth TB (2004) Molecular,
endocrine, and genetic mechanisms of arterial calcification.
Endocr Rev 25:629–672
11. Shanahan CM (2005) Mechanisms of vascular calcification in
renal disease. Clin Nephrol 63:146–157
12. Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Metcalfe JC, Weissberg PL (1994) High
expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human
atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 93:2393–2402
13. Kuro-o M, Matsumura Y, Aizawa H, Kawaguchi H, Suga T,
Utsugi T, Ohyama Y, Kurabayashi M, Kaname T, Kume E,
Iwasaki H, Iida A, Shiraki-Iida T, Nishikawa S, Nagai R,
Nabeshima YI (1997) Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads
to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature 390:45–51
14. Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Morony S, Tarpley J, Capparelli
C, Scully S, Tan HL, Xu W, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS
(1998) Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis
and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 12:1260–1268
15. Thompson GR, Partridge J (2004) Coronary calcification score:
the coronary-risk impact factor. Lancet 363:557–559
16. Schaefer S (2002) Will helical CT replace electron beam CT in the
assessment of coronary calcium? Prev Cardiol 5:84–86
17. Stanford W, Thompson BH, Burns TL, Heery SD, Burr MC
(2004) Coronary artery calcium quantification at multi-detector
row helical CT versus electron-beam CT. Radiology 230:397–402
18. Schousboe JT, Wilson KE, Kiel DP (2006) Detection of
abdominal aortic calcification with lateral spine imaging using
DXA. J Clin Densitom 9:302–308
19. Eisman JA (1999) Genetics of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 20:788–
804
20. Kawano K, Ogata N, Chiano M, Molloy H, Kleyn P, Spector TD,
Uchida M, Hosoi T, Suzuki T, Orimo H, Inoue S, Nabeshima Y,
Nakamura K, Kuro-o M, Kawaguchi H (2002) Klotho gene
polymorphisms associated with bone density of aged postmenopausal
women. J Bone Miner Res 17:1744–1751
21. Imamura A, Okumura K, Ogawa Y, Murakami R, Torigoe M,
Numaguchi Y, Murohara T (2006) Klotho gene polymorphism
may be a genetic risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary artery
disease but not for vasospastic angina in Japanese. Clin Chim
Acta 371:66–70
22. Langdahl BL, Carstens M, Stenkjaer L, Eriksen EF (2002)
Polymorphisms in the osteoprotegerin gene are associated with
osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 17:1245–1255
23. Soufi M, Schoppet M, Sattler AM, Herzum M, Maisch B,
Hofbauer LC, Schaefer JR (2004) Osteoprotegerin gene polymorphisms
in men with coronary artery disease. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 89:3764–3768
24. Brandstrom H, Stiger F, Lind L, Kahan T, Melhus H, Kindmark A
(2002) A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region
of the human gene for osteoprotegerin is related to vascular
morphology and function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
293:13–17
25. Taylor BC, Schreiner PJ, Doherty TM, Fornage M, Carr JJ,
Sidney S (2005) Matrix Gla protein and osteopontin genetic
associations with coronary artery calcification and bone density:
the CARDIA study. Hum Genet 116:525–528
26. Osawa M, Tian W, Horiuchi H, Kaneko M, Umetsu K (2005)
Association of alpha2-HS glycoprotein (AHSG, fetuin-A) polymorphism
with AHSG and phosphate serum levels. Hum Genet
116:146–151
27. Ross R (2004) Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J
Med 340:115–126
28. Hofbauer LC, Schrader J, Niebergall U, Viereck V, Burchert A,
Hörsch D, Preissner KT, Schoppet M (2006) Interleukin-4
differentially regulates osteoprotegerin expression and induces
calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells. Thromb Haemost
95:708–714
29. Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL (2004) Vascular calcification:
mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc
Biol 24:1161–1170
30. Tintut Y, Alfonso Z, Saini T, Radcliff K, Watson K, Bostrom K,
Demer LL (2003) Multilineage potential of cells from the artery
wall. Circulation 108:2505–2510
31. Schinke T, Karsenty G (2000) Vascular calcification-a passive
process in need of inhibitors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1272–
1274
32. Rutsch F, Ruf N, Vaingankar S, Toliat MR, Suk A, Hohne W,
Schauer G, Lehmann M, Roscioli T, Schnabel D, Epplen JT,
Knisely A, Superti-Furga A, McGill J, Filippone M, Sinaiko AR,
Vallance H, Hinrichs B, Smith W, Ferre M, Terkeltaub R,
Nurnberg P (2003) Mutations in ENPP1 are associated with
‘idiopathic’ infantile arterial calcification. Nat Genet 34:379–381
33. Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, Loyer E, Behringer
RR, Karsenty G (1997) Spontaneous calcification of arteries
and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature
386:78–81
34. Gerstenfeld LC (1999) Osteopontin in skeletal tissue homeostasis:
an emerging picture of the autocrine/paracrine functions of the
extracellular matrix. J Bone Miner Res 14:850–855
35. Gravallese EM (2003) Osteopontin: a bridge between bone and
the immune system. J Clin Invest 112:147–149. Erratum in: J Clin
Invest (2003) 112:627
36. Denhardt DT, Noda M, O’Regan AW, Pavlin D, Berman JS
(2001) Osteopontin as a means to cope with environmental
insults: regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell
survival. J Clin Invest 107:1055–1061
37. Khan SA, Lopez-Chua CA, Zhang J, Fisher LW, Sorensen ES,
Denhardt DT (2002) Soluble osteopontin inhibits apoptosis of
adherent endothelial cells deprived of growth factors. J Cell
Biochem 85:728–736
38. Pritzker LB, Scatena M, Giachelli CM (2004) The role of
osteoprotegerin and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing
ligand in human microvascular endothelial cell survival. Mol
Biol Cell 15:2834–2841
39. Yoshitake H, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, Noda M (1999)
Osteopontin-deficient mice are resistant to ovariectomy-induced
bone resorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:8156–8160. Erratum
in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10944
40. Ishijima M, Tsuji K, Rittling SR, Yamashita T, Kurosawa H,
Denhardt DT, Nifuji A, Noda M (2002) Resistance to unloadinginduced
three-dimensional bone loss in osteopontin-deficient
mice. J Bone Miner Res 4:661–667. Erratum in: J Bone Miner
Res (2003) 18:1558
41. Yumoto K, Ishijima M, Rittling SR, Tsuji K, Tsuchiya Y, Kon S,
Nifuji A, Uede T, Denhardt DT, Noda M (2002) Osteopontin
deficiency protects joints against destruction in anti-type II
collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 99:4556–4561