Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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60 • Cynthia McDougall, Hemant Ojha, Raj Kumar Pandey, Mani Ram Banjade and Bishnu Hari Pandit adaptiveness. It appeared that as the Community Forestry Programme grew rapidly and became routinised, the social and institutional aspects of forestry were somewhat overshadowed by the technical aspects, including afforestation, and the goal of meeting targets for CFUG formation. Some studies suggest that ‘commonly weak’ CFUG formation processes lead to weak institutional CFUG processes and often a ‘replication of the village authority structure in the new [CFUG] institution, in which high caste and wealthy men dominate by default’ (Springate-Baginski and Blaikie 2003: 11; Acharya 2002). This trend has been abetted by a combination of factors, including culturally embedded hierarchies and bureaucratic tendencies. The limited progress in the relations and institutional learning and adaptiveness have likely hindered the ability of community forestry user groups, and specifically their marginalised subgroups, to navigate their complex and changing environments. This mismatch between a complex and dynamic context with relatively linear and top-down approaches suggested the need for innovation (Kanel and Pokharel 2002: 47): … a need has emerged over the last few years for strategies that can add value to CF processes and relationships so that equity and benefits can be enhanced. The increasing number of CFUGs, service providing agencies, stakeholders, and complexities in their relationships, as well as the changing and dynamic context of community forestry at various levels point to the need for such a strategy to contribute to making community forestry concept and procedures more collaborative, flexible and adaptive (in the sense of ‘proactively responsive’). The dynamic and multi-level nature of [community forestry] demands that such strategies be institutionalized in the implementation process as well as at the policy making level. Project overview and methodology The goal of the Adaptive Collaborative Management of Community Forests Research Project in Nepal was to generate research-based lessons to enable more effective and equitable community forestry governance and management practices at all levels as a means of enhancing sustainability and the well-being of diverse women, men and children. Specific objectives included the identification, development and critical assessment of conditions, processes and outcomes of social learning and collaborative (or adaptive and collaborative) approaches to the governance and management of community forests 12 .
Chapter 3: Adaptiveness and Collaboration in Community Forestry in Nepal • 61 81°0'0"E 84°0'0"E 87°0'0"E 30°0'0"N Pakistan China 30°0'0"N ! JANAKI CFUG, Dadeldhura CHINA India Bangladesh Myanmar 27°0'0"N Legend #0 Country capital Study Site ! Main case ! Comparative case Forested areas District boundary 0 62.5 125 250 BAMDIBHIR CFUG, Kaski JUDHABIR CFUG, Kilometers ! ! ! DEURALI BAGHEDANDA CFUG, Parbat Kaski BARANGDI KOHAL CFUG, ! Palpa ! KOIDIM CFUG, Tanahum INDIA KATHMANDU #0 SHARADA DEVI CFUG, ! Kavre ! MANAKAMANA CFUG, ! ! Sankhuwasabha ! RANI CFUG, Makawarpur RAKTAMALA CFUG, Saptari ! ADHERIBHAJANA CFUG, Sankhuwasabha BHADAUREPA KHA CFUG, Terhathum 27°0'0"N 81°0'0"E 84°0'0"E 87°0'0"E Figure 3-1. Map showing location of ACM Nepal case study sites The implementing research partners for the four CFUG main case studies (Figure 3-1, Table 3-1), which are the focus of this chapter, were, in Sankhuwasahba District, the Nepali nongovernmental research organisation NewERA, and in Kaski District, a group of independent researchers (the ‘Kaski ACM Team’) who were part of a Kathmandu-based organisation called NORMs). The supporting comparative studies 13 and national-level studies were led by the nongovernmental organisation Forest Action in collaboration with a consultant from the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. The main case studies took place through on-going collaboration with the Department of Forests and the district forest offices, as well as multiple non-governmental and bilateral partners in Kaski and Sankhuwasabha Districts 14 . Table 3-1. Main community forest user group case study sites Main case study sites Deurali-Bagedanda Bamdibhir Khoria Andheri Bhajana Manakamana District Kaski Kaski Sankhuwasabha Sankhuwasabha
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
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Chapter 5: Muddling Towards Coopera
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Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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