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46 • Ravi Prabhu, Cynthia McDougall and Robert Fisher work is very relevant to community natural resource management institutions. See, for example, Ostrom (1990) and, with specific relevance to common property forest management institutions in Nepal, Fisher (1994). 6 So much so that this has prompted Margulis and Sagan (1986) to remark that contrary to earlier metaphors, life took over the globe not by combat but by networking. 7 Capra (2002) specifically refers to this to taking place in open systems far from equilibrium, characterised by internal feedback loops and described mathematically by nonlinear equations. Prigogine and Stengers (1984) go on to suggest that selforganization processes in conditions of disequilibrium correspond to a delicate interplay between chance and necessity, between fluctuations and deterministic laws. Although they were not referring to self-organization processes in social systems, their observations nonetheless hold true under such conditions as well. 8 Naturally, people are engaged in material or instrumental action in all kinds of approaches to natural resource management; however, they quite often arrive meanderingly at that point through trial and error rather than a conscious, structured use of phases of communicative and strategic action. In other words, actors may be involved in ‘material action’ at any point, but if they engage in this in isolation from the other forms of action, they may be forgoing the added value of collaboration and structured learning. References Archer, M.S. 1996 Culture and agency: the place of culture in social theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Arnold, R., Brandt, D. and Burke, B. 1985 A new weave: popular education in Canada and Central America. CUSO/OISE, Toronto. Brandt, D. 1989 Naming the moment: political analysis for action. Jesuit Centre for Social Faith and Justice, Toronto. Brunner, R.D. and Clark, T.W. 1997 A practice-based approach to ecosystem management. Conservation Biology 11(1): 48-56. Buck, L., Wollenberg, E. and Edmunds, D. 2001 Social learning in the collaborative management of community forests: lessons from the field. In: Wollenberg, E., Edmunds, Buck, D., Fox, J. and Brodt, S. (eds.) Social learning in community forests, 1-20. CIFOR, Bogor. Cantril, H. 1960 Concerning the nature of perception. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104(5): 467-473. Carney, D. with Drinkwater, M. Rusinow, T., Neefjes, K., Wanmali, S. and Singh, N. 1999. Livelihood approaches compared: a brief comparison of the livelihoods approaches of the UK Department for International Development (DFID), CARE, Oxfam and the United Nations Development Programme. DFID, London.
Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative Management: A Conceptual Model • 47 Capra, F. 2002 The hidden connections: a science for sustainable living. HarperCollins, London. De Geus, A. 1997 The living company. Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. DFID 1998. Action research for community forestry: sharing experiences from Nepal. DFID, London. Fisher, R.J. 1994 Indigenous forest management in Nepal: why common property is not a problem. In: Allen, M. (ed.) Anthropology of Nepal: people, problems and processes, 64-81. Mandala Book Point, Kathmandu. Freire, P. 1972 Pedagogy of the oppressed. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Freire, P. 1974 Literacy through conscientization. Literacy Discussion (spring). Galbraith, J.K. 1984 The anatomy of power. Hamish Hamilton, London. Giddens, A. 1984 The constitution of society. Polity Press, Cambridge. Goyder H. and Davies, R. 1998 Participatory impact assessment. ActionAid, U.K.. Guijt, I. (ed). 2007 Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in resource management. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC. Habermas, J. 1981 Theorie des Kommunikativen Handelns. 2 volumes. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt. Haggith, M., Prabhu, R., Colfer, C.J.P., Ritchie, B., Thomson, A. and Mudavanhu, H. 2003 Ideas: modelling the diffusion of ideas across social networks. Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy 2(2): 225-239. Heisenberg, W. 1971 Physics and beyond. Harper & Row, New York Holling, C.S., Folke, C., Gunderson, L. and Mäler, K.G. 2000 Resilience of ecosystems, economic systems and institutions. Final report. John D. and Catherine MacArthur Foundation. Holland, J.H. 1998 Emergence: from chaos to order. Basic Books, New York. Kemmis, S. and McTaggart, R. 1988 Introduction: the nature of action research. In: Kemmis, S. and McTaggart, R. (eds.) The action research planner. 3rd ed. Deakin University Press, Australia. Kuhn, T.S. 1970 The structure of scientific revolutions. 2 nd Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Kolb, D.A. 1984 The process of experiential learning. In: Kolb, D. (ed.) Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Kolb, D.A., Boyatzis, R.E. and Mainmelis, C. 2000. Experiential learning theory: previous research and new directions. In: Sternberg, R.J. and
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
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Chapter 5: Muddling Towards Coopera
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Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from
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Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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