Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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12 • Robert Fisher, Ravi Prabhu and Cynthia McDougall Structure of the Book This chapter has provided a brief introduction to the project, its rationale and its overall shape. Chapter 2 explores in more detail the concepts underlying the ACM Asia project, focusing particularly on adaptive collaborative management, social learning and action learning. It describes the intellectual origins of these concepts. Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 focus on the studies in the three countries. Two chapters deal with separate studies in Indonesia, cases of very different origins and thrusts. One of these studies (Jambi and Pasir, Chapter 4) followed the same approach as in Nepal and the Philippines; the other (Malinau, in East Kalimantan, Chapter 5), of older origin, was cast within the same research paradigm but with an evolving research framework. Each case study shows why ACM was seen as having potential value in the country context, describes the history of the project in that country and recounts how the project operated to foster change and how improved (more adaptive and collaborative) decision making led to better outcomes. The chapters consider challenges, outcomes and lessons from the country case studies and explore thematic issues of relevance to the broader application of adaptive collaborative management. Chapter 7 presents the conclusions of the book. It looks at the case studies in terms of the answers they provide to the three project research questions— what conditions favour the adoption and success of ACM, what strategies and arrangements can sustain management and governance based in social learning and collaboration, and how does ACM affect the social, economic and ecological conditions of people and forests in community forestry systems. It also pays particular attention to the extent to which ACM has led to changes in learning process and the extent to which it has been institutionalised: What has changed, and will the changes persist? Endnotes 1 Checkland has developed ‘soft systems methodology’ (SSM) as a method for developing shared objectives among actors with differing objectives. This book proposes ACM as an alternative method for doing the same thing. 2 In Asia the research was supported initially by the Asian Development Bank, under RETA 5812, and CIFOR, and later by the Department for International Development (DFID) and the International Development Research Centre. In Africa
Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Forests and the Need for Adaptation • 13 the research was supported by the European Commission (under its tropical forest budget line), DFID and CIFOR. In Latin America the research was supported by the US Agency for International Development and CIFOR. 3 A source of confusion lies in the way the term action research has sometimes been used to refer to a process combining learning and action for change, without any real focus on research in the sense of production of public knowledge. We prefer to think of this sort of process as action learning (not unlike ACM) and reserve the terms action research and participatory action research for action learning processes where one outcome is the production of generalisable knowledge for application beyond the immediate context of action (Fisher and Jackson 1999). 4 David Hume, Treatise of Human Nature. 5 Following discussions with the project’s Steering Committee in Nepal in November 2000, the ACM Asia team adopted the phrase ‘plausible causal connections’ as an informal motto. References Anderson, J., Clement, J. and Crowder, L.V. 1998 Accommodating conflicting interests in forestry—concepts emerging from pluralism. Unasylva 194, 49(3): 3-10. Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (ed.) 1997 Beyond fences: seeking social sustainability in conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Checkland, P.B. 1985 Systems thinking systems practice. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. Colfer, C.J.P. and Capistrano, D. (eds.) 2005 The politics of decentralization: forests, power and people. Earthscan, London. Colfer, C.J.P., Prabhu, R., Gunter, P.M., McDougall, C., Porro, N.M. and Porro, R. 1999 Who counts most? Assessing human well-being in sustainable forest management. C&I Toolbox Series No 8. CIFOR, Bogor. Edmunds, D. and Wollenberg, E. 2003 Local forest management: the impacts of devolution policies. Earthscan, London. FAO, 1978 Forestry for local community development. FAO Forestry Paper No. 7, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Fisher, R.J. 1995 Collaborative management of forests for conservation and development. WWF International and IUCN The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Fisher, R.J. 1999 Devolution and decentralization of forest management in Asia and the Pacific. Unasylva 50(4): 3-5.
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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