Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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Chapter 7. Discussion and Conclusions Cynthia McDougall, Ravi Prabhu and Robert Fisher The case studies presented in Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 provide insights into whether, and under what conditions, an adaptive collaborative management approach contributes to improved outcomes for people and forests. The ACM approach was applied in very different contexts by research teams that brought their own interests and emphases to the process of participatory action research. Although this creates challenges in drawing meaning across cases, it also illuminates the diverse realities of community-based forestry systems and thus lays the foundation for the lessons. In drawing our conclusions, we explore the lessons of CIFOR’s Adaptive Collaborative Management Research Project from several angles and reconsider the three research questions we posed in Chapter 1: 1. what factors and conditions shape an ACM approach, the need for it, and its effects; 2. what processes and strategies can catalyse and sustain social learning and collaboration; and 3. what are the outcomes or effects of an ACM approach on people, institutions and forests.
Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusions • 209 Following an analysis of the differences and similarities of research contexts (i.e., conditions), we discuss changes in social learning and collaborative processes (i.e., outcomes) and finally the degree of institutionalisation of the approach in the communities. As appropriate, we will draw on our model from Chapter 2 as an explanatory aid. Differences and similarities in research contexts Contexts First, we highlight the obvious similarities in the contexts and communities where we conducted the research: • We were engaging with local people as the central actors—and potential beneficiaries of change—and with the forest resources on which they depend for their livelihoods . • The local people had power deficits in relation to local government agencies, traders, entrepreneurs and others. • The communities were heterogeneous in composition, divided by factors such as caste, ethnicity, length of residence, gender, wealth, age, status and power. • Forest resources played an important role in local peoples’ livelihoods, including subsistence and nontimber uses. • Conflict, latent or overt, was occurring amongst community members and between community members and outside stakeholders. Additionally, the people in all the research communities wanted to improve their social, political or livelihood situations by engaging in the project. Both local communities and partners expressed a need for greater—and sustainable—outcomes from their forests and were willing to seek this through social learning and collaboration-based innovations in their relations, governance and management. Differences in context existed as well. The communities had different histories and relationships to the forests—some largely agrarian, others much more intimately involved in the forest, culturally as well as economically. The devolution status in each country was different. Indonesia found itself in the post-Soeharto era of chaotic decentralisation, where the term was still hotly debated and the institutional frameworks for its implementation were lacking. The result was a laissez-faire situation where the old rules seemed
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
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Chapter 3: Adaptiveness and Collabo
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Chapter 4. Shaping Opportunities fo
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Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
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Chapter 5: Muddling Towards Coopera
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