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178 • Herlina Hartanto and that the area where the cooperative was collecting almaciga resin had in the past been their area; moreover, the Batak village areas were said to be within the expanded cooperative area. At that time, only the cooperative had the legal right to extract resin because the Bataks were still dealing with the administrative and technical requirements of permit renewal. To solve this boundary issue, the team facilitated a meeting of the cooperative’s board of directors to reflect on the causes and determine how to handle it. The group assumed that a map of the two forest areas would resolve the dispute, once the Bataks could see for themselves that the boundaries did not overlap. No such map was available at the DENR provincial office, however. On learning this, the group requested assistance from the Palawan Tropical Forest Protection Project in obtaining the global positioning system coordinates of the forest boundaries. A survey undertaken by the cooperative, DENR, and Palawan Tropical Forest Protection Project in March 2001; representatives from the Bataks and local government were not able to participate. The survey clearly delineated the cooperative’s forest boundaries on the ground, and a map was drawn. In a meeting facilitated by the DENR site coordinator, the group showed the map to the Bataks and explained the location of their forest area visà-vis the Batak village. The map was neither useful nor effective, however. The Bataks, like many other indigenous people in Southeast Asia, have a different conception of boundaries and mark their territories by following natural features, such as rivers and hills, not in the form of a line that delimits the margins of a territory (Fox 2000). Nevertheless, the group believed that a map showing the location of both areas, relative to each other, was still needed, and DENR was asked to provide such a map. During the dialogue, it became clear that the boundary dispute masked the real problem for the Bataks: securing their livelihoods. Their inability to obtain permits from DENR to access almaciga resin had serious economic repercussions. Using this insight, group members reckoned that the boundary dispute would be resolved indirectly if they could help the Bataks make a living. They therefore negotiated a working arrangement to allow the Bataks to extract almaciga resin from their forest area provided the Bataks sold the resin back to the cooperative. In turn, the cooperative would guarantee a price per kilogram of at least one-half to one Philippine peso higher than that offered by the local traders. This arrangement was welcomed by the Bataks, who usually bartered their resin for rice, coffee or tobacco at unfavourable exchange rates. The cooperative also stood to
Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from the Inside in the Philippines • 179 benefit from the arrangement, since the Bataks would extract resins at the far end of its forest. The cooperative could thus optimise the resources within its area while controlling the production costs. The two POs further agreed to collaborate in other income-generating activities and in protecting their areas from illegal activities. Anticipating problems with the almaciga traders, some of whom had illegally extracted resin in the area in the past, the group met with these traders and explained its community forestry activities, its right to manage and utilise forest resources within the forest, and the legal aspects of collection, selling and buying of almaciga resin. As a result of this dialogue, some of the traders agreed to coordinate with cooperative and offered a royalty on the sale of resin extracted from the forest. The learning process that the group went through in addressing the boundary dispute is described in Figure 6-5.
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Adaptive Collaborative Management o
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
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Chapter 3: Adaptiveness and Collabo
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Chapter 4. Shaping Opportunities fo
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Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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