Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

172 • Herlina Hartanto of the major watersheds in northern Mindanao. The watershed serves as the source of water for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes. It also supports the richest diversity of mammals and birds in the country and provides habitats to many endangered, endemic and economically important species of plants and animals. There are at least 58 families and 185 species of trees and other woody plants, 345 fern species (20 percent endemic), 63 species of mammals (43 percent endemic), 25 reptile species (57 percent endemic), 26 amphibian species (12 percent endemic), and 168 bird species (37 percent endemic), including the critically endangered Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) (DENR-IPAS 2000). Mount Kitanglad is also important socially and culturally because it is the home of many indigenous communities, including the Talaandig—semisettled agriculturalists in the uplands who plant corn, rice, root crops, abaca (Musa textilis) and banana (Saway 2002). Figure 6-4. ACM site in Bukidnon Many anthropogenic and natural factors have put pressure on Mount Kitanglad ecosystems. Significant portions of the primary and secondary forests were destroyed by fire during the 1983 El Niño. High population growth (a rate of 4.18 percent) and human activities, including illegal logging, shifting cultivation and fire, have also affected the environment. Signs of environmental degradation—soil erosion, frequent floods during
Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from the Inside in the Philippines • 173 the rainy season and drying up of springs and other water sources during the dry season—became apparent (Catacutan et al. 2000; Valmores 2002). Forest resources also declined over time. The participatory assessment that the ACM team conducted with community groups in Barangay Basac in 2002 indicated that rattan, abaca, coffee, herbs, wild animals, and forest trees had become scarce. Such scarcities created problems for the communities because they depended on many forest resources (Burton 2002). The alarming degradation of natural resources around Mount Kitanglad and the potential impacts on both the rich flora and fauna and the people in the area led policy makers to formulate a protection and conservation strategy. The Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park was declared a protected area in 1996 by presidential proclamation. The protected area and its buffer zone are about 40,000 ha. Mount Kitanglad is considered one of the most important parks in the Philippines and one of the 10 sites in the Philippines funded by the World Bank’s Global Environment Facility through the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project. The management of the park follows the 1992 National Integrated Protected Areas System Law, under which management is the responsibility of a multistakeholder policymaking body called the Protected Area Management Board. Day-to-day management of the park is carried out by DENR (DENR-IPAS 2000). Barangay Basac has a total land area of 2,800 ha. The village is subdivided into six puroks (subvillages or hamlets) with a total population of about 4,000, in 750 households. In 1999 about 95 percent were indigenous people of Talaandig, and the rest migrants, mostly from the nearby provinces of Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte (Arda-Minas 2001). The majority of the villagers were farmers. Their community forest consists of 517 ha in the buffer zone of Mount Kitanglad. About 60 percent of the area was cultivated land and planted with food crops, 15 percent was grassland, 15 percent was open canopy forest, and only 10 percent was closed canopy forest (Hartanto et al. 2002b). Management rights were granted to the Basac Upland Farmers Association, Inc., in 1999. Stakeholder analysis Although different in their ecology and socio-cultural setting, the two ACM sites shared several similarities. In both sites, the people’s organisations that held the management rights over the forests were not the only local institutions, and they were not the only ones who had interests in forest
Page 1:
Adaptive Collaborative Management o
Page 4 and 5:
Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
Page 6 and 7:
iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
Page 8 and 9:
vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
Page 10 and 11:
viii • About the Contributors God
Page 12 and 13:
Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Chapter 3: Adaptiveness and Collabo
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Chapter 4. Shaping Opportunities fo
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 5: Muddling Towards Coopera
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from
Page 183: Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
CIFOR is a leading international fo
show all

Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?