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168 • Herlina Hartanto Another major challenge is the mismatch between DENR’s legal, technical and administrative requirements and the POs’ capabilities. Not only were the requirements excessive, they were also often ambiguous, contradictory and irrelevant to realities on the ground (Edmunds and Wollenberg 2001; O’Hara 2002). This situation was compounded by frequent policy changes and insufficient information sharing between central and local offices of DENR and the resultant policy misinterpretations (Devanadera et al. 2002; Hartanto and Evangelista 2002). The POs had insufficient knowledge and capacities and could not rely on support from the understaffed local offices. Often, there was only one site coordinator for every three to five community forests (Diaz and Bacalla 2002; Cayatoc 2002). In such a situation, it was hardly surprising that the POs often failed to meet the agency’s requirements to participate in the programme. This tight regulatory control contradicted the spirit of devolution in forest management and undermined the partnerships the agency was supposed to foster with the communities. Testing ACM in community forestry The ACM Philippine team hypothesised that the ACM approach and processes (Chapter 2) could enhance the capabilities of the people’s organisations and local stakeholders in dealing with the political, ecological and socio-economic challenges they faced and improve community forestry in several ways. First, through proper identification of stakeholders and deliberate engagement of key stakeholders in information sharing and collective action, ACM would enhance participation and foster genuine partnerships. Second, through social learning and collaborative monitoring, ACM would help POs and local stakeholders respond to the broader socio-economic and political shifts and adapt their management strategies accordingly. Lastly, by putting POs squarely at the center of all innovation, ACM would strengthen members’ skills and awareness so that they could become more self-reliant and self-confident in addressing their problems and in managing forest resources. Collective action, social learning and collaborative monitoring would empower POs and produce long-term positive impacts. The team used participatory action research as the main methodology to enhance collaboration and adaptation in forest management.
Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from the Inside in the Philippines • 169 Research sites The ACM project was implemented in two community forests, one in Palawan province and the other in Bukidnon province, between 1999 and 2002. The research team consisted of the author as the country-coordinator and five Philippine researchers. Two full-time researchers spearheaded the ACM project in Palawan; two full-time field-based researchers and one parttime coordinator facilitated ACM processes in Bukidnon. The Bukidnon team members were affiliated with the Research Institute of Mindanao Culture, Xavier University. In addition to these two main sites, several case studies were conducted in other sites, such as Mount Makiling (Laguna), Kalahan (Imugan), Santa Fe (Nueva Vizcaya), Argao Watershed (Cebu), Salvacion and Aborlan (Palawan), to generate insights on communitybased natural resource management in the Philippines. Palawan Palawan Island is located in the southwest of the Philippines. The island is about 425 km long, and its width varies from 5 km to 40 km. It is considered one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (Finney and Western 1986). The ACM project focused its efforts on a 5,006-ha community forest about 67 km from Puerto Princesa City (Figure 6-2). The area consisted of a strip of forestland, in need of rehabilitation, that cuts across the administrative boundaries of three adjoining barangays (villages): San Rafael, Tanabag and Concepcion. DENR gave the management rights of the forest to the San Rafael, Tanabag and Concepcion Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Inc. (‘the cooperative’) in 1996.
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
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Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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