Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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166 • Herlina Hartanto 1982 1984 1986 1989 1990 1993 1995 Coastal Environmental Programme Community- Based Forest Management Programme Integrated Rainforest Management Programme National Integrated Protected Areas Programme Low Income Upland Communities Project Forest Land Management Programme Community Forestry Programme Regional Resources Management Programme Ancestral Domains Management Programme Rainfed Resources Development Programme National Forestation Programme Forestry Sector Programme Integrated Forest Management Programme Integrated Social Forestry Programme Figure 6-1. Evolution of Philippine community forestry programmes Community-Based Forest Management The Community-Based Forest Management programme sets out to achieve its goals of protecting, rehabilitating and conserving forest resources, with the participation of local communities, under the supervision of DENR. Local communities that meet certain requirements 5 can obtain the legal right to manage forestland by organising themselves into voluntary groups
Chapter 6: Facilitating Change from the Inside in the Philippines • 167 called people’s organisations (POs). These are legally recognised entities that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or Cooperative Development Authority. Because members are volunteers, the POs do not represent the whole community or all forest users. In exchange for the right to use the forest and its resources, the POs are responsible for managing, protecting, rehabilitating and conserving the forest, preparing management plans and developing their organisations (DENR 1998); oversight lies with DENR. Having the mandate 6 to supervise and control over the country’s forest and natural resources, this national agency is in charge of the protection, utilisation and development of forestland. It is expected to formulate, coordinate, implement and monitor forest policies through its regional, provincial and communitylevel offices. DENR has made tremendous progress in devolving the management rights over forestland to the communities. Of the targeted 9 million ha of community forests to be achieved by year 2020, as stated in the DENR Action Plan, by 2003 about 5.97 million ha had been granted to local communities under various tenure arrangements. As of 2005, 1,781 CBFM agreements had been issued covering about 1.622 million ha, and 1,781 people’s organisations were involved in these projects (FMB 2005). Nevertheless, community forestry in the Philippines still faces many problems. One of the biggest challenges is the lack of participation and support from local government (Geollegue 2000; Tiongson 2000). The authority to manage certain natural resources has devolved from DENR to local government units, in particular the municipal and provincial governments. The Local Government Code 7 authorises these units to implement social forestry and reforestation programs, manage communal forests of 5,000 ha or less, protect watersheds and enforce forest laws. The code gives the municipal and provincial governments the authority to implement community forestry within their jurisdictions. In reality, however, DENR maintained control in various ways, such as by adjusting its relations with other stakeholders, revising its rhetoric or imposing excessive technical requirements on the local government (Gauld 2000; Edmunds and Wollenberg 2001). The local governments also contributed to this problem because they lacked the capacity and resources to engage effectively in community forestry (Vitug 1996; Castro and Garcia 2002; Ignacio and Woell 2002).
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Adaptive Collaborative Management o
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
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Chapter 3: Adaptiveness and Collabo
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Chapter 4. Shaping Opportunities fo
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Chapter 4: Improving Forest Quality
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Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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