Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...
Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...
Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
158 • Eva Wollenberg, Ramses Iwan, Godw<strong>in</strong> Limberg, Moira Moeliono, Steve Rhee and Made Sudana<br />
are work<strong>in</strong>g. We do th<strong>in</strong>k, however, that these sorts <strong>of</strong> approaches can<br />
contribute to a democratic and feasible way <strong>of</strong> facilitat<strong>in</strong>g change. Our<br />
goal has been not to directly facilitate collaboration so much as to create<br />
an enabl<strong>in</strong>g environment for accommodat<strong>in</strong>g and coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g people’s<br />
<strong>in</strong>terests, especially those <strong>of</strong> weaker groups. Muddl<strong>in</strong>g is messy. But it is also<br />
a reality <strong>of</strong> political change.<br />
Endnotes<br />
1 This chapter elaborates on an earlier published work: Wollenberg, E., Iwan,<br />
R., Limberg, G., Moeliono, M., Rhee, S. and Sudana, M. 2007. Facilitat<strong>in</strong>g cooperation<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g times <strong>of</strong> chaos: spontaneous orders and muddl<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>in</strong> Mal<strong>in</strong>au District,<br />
Indonesia. Ecology and Society 12(1):3. Available at http://www.ecologyandsociety.<br />
org/vol12/iss1/art3/.<br />
2 Dur<strong>in</strong>g the course <strong>of</strong> the work, we collaborated with <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>in</strong> the Bulungan<br />
and Mal<strong>in</strong>au kabupaten and kecamatan <strong>of</strong>fices, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Bappeda, D<strong>in</strong>as Kehutanan,<br />
D<strong>in</strong>as Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, D<strong>in</strong>as Pertanian, Bagian Ekonomi, Bagian Hukum,<br />
INHUTANI II (parastatal timber concession), Meranti Sakti (another local timber<br />
concession), and the prov<strong>in</strong>cial D<strong>in</strong>as Kehutanan. We have also collaborated with<br />
Plasma, SHK-Kaltim, PPSDAK, Padi, LPMA, Phemdal, WWF, P-5-Universitas<br />
Mataram, the University <strong>of</strong> Victoria (Canada), Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen University and Yale<br />
University <strong>in</strong> various components <strong>of</strong> the work.<br />
3 diZerega (2000) suggests that ‘cooperation’ can occur as a spontaneous order,<br />
<strong>in</strong> which participants pursue their own ends and mutually adjust to each other. This<br />
form <strong>of</strong> cooperation is multicentred rather than guided by a s<strong>in</strong>gle organization.<br />
4 Estimated from the 2003 election census.<br />
5 See Sellato 2001 for a historical overview <strong>of</strong> the upper Mal<strong>in</strong>au River dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the last 150 years.<br />
6 President Soeharto’s resignation <strong>in</strong> May 1998 marked the end <strong>of</strong> the New<br />
Order regime. The subsequent presidencies <strong>of</strong> B.J. Habibie, Abdurachman Wahid<br />
and Megawati Soekarnoputri (Indonesia experienced four presidents <strong>in</strong> four years)<br />
tried to respond to popular demands for reform as well as to distance themselves from<br />
New Order policies. Many reforms were already <strong>in</strong> the pipel<strong>in</strong>e under Soeharto but<br />
then accelerated. The most significant changes were the 1999 decentralisation laws<br />
(Government Regulations 22 and 25), which decentralised authority to districts and<br />
made them responsible for generat<strong>in</strong>g their own <strong>in</strong>come, and the 1999 basic forestry<br />
law (Law 41), which updated the 1967 law that made it possible for nonstate entities<br />
to engage <strong>in</strong> timber harvest<strong>in</strong>g and gave customary communities the right to manage<br />
<strong>forests</strong>. The new governments also separated the powers <strong>of</strong> the police and military,<br />
<strong>in</strong>stituted direct elections for the national assembly, and promoted more freedom <strong>of</strong><br />
speech, transparency and an end to corruption. After 30 years <strong>of</strong> autocratic, coercive<br />
rule, these reforms were quite extraord<strong>in</strong>ary. Unfortunately, confusion about their<br />
implementation and liberal <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>in</strong> the districts about their new autonomy