Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

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138 • Eva Wollenberg, Ramses Iwan, Godwin Limberg, Moira Moeliono, Steve Rhee and Made Sudana purposes and questions (see below). We nevertheless shared concepts and methods in Bogor and developed fruitful synergies with the work of our colleagues elsewhere that informed the work in Malinau. Malinau River watershed The Malinau River watershed is the most densely populated area of the district and the most developed. The CIFOR Adaptive Collaborative Management team chose to work in the 27 villages of the upper Malinau River (Figure 5-2), from Sentaban to Long Jalan, to be close to other CIFOR activities. About 6,673 people (Malinau Voting Census 2003) reportedly live in the 500,000-ha watershed, although we suspect this figure is slightly higher than the actual resident population. The villages are distributed among 21 settlements with as few as 15 to as many as 997 individuals each. About 51 percent of the households are considered poor according to national standards of housing, clothing and number of meals per day (BKKBN 2001). The area is ethnically diverse, with the main ethnic groups being the Kenyah, Merap, Lundaye, Tidung and two Punan groups (Malinau and Tubu). The Merap 9 ethnic group reportedly controlled the territory for most of the 20th century and maintains a wide presence. Punan groups that historically collected forest products for the Merap often lived and intermarried with them. Government resettlement programs in the 1960s to 1980s and one program in 1999 then encouraged other Dayak groups from more remote areas of the district to settle in the area. Current villages correspond to the different ethnic groups that arrived in the area at these different times. The villages maintained their autonomy and were linked to the official government structure through their kepala desa (village heads), most of whom also had local authority within their village as customary leaders. In the upper Malinau, nine settlements consist of such ethnic village clusters, with two to four villages in each location. With the resettlement programs, population pressure on local resources in the watershed increased substantially, and newcomers did not always sever ties with their former territories. Villages in the upper Malinau claimed multiple territories that overlapped with other villages’ claims. Based on district Decree No. 3 in 2001, the government has sought to transform the clusters into single villages and reduce the overall number of villages. District officials have also stated that villages could make claims only to land where they were living.
Chapter 5: Muddling Towards Cooperation in Malinau • 139 Figure 5-2. Vilages of upper Malinau watershed - research sites These evolving relationships have affected how struggles over forest resources play themselves out. Current alliances in Malinau are interlocking networks of ethnic affiliations, economic interdependencies, strategic kin relationships and historical alliances. Kenyah, Lundaye and Tidung groups have been the most politically aggressive groups in recent years and dominate Malinau’s new local government. These groups, together with the Merap, have worked most aggressively to consolidate their claims to land. Punan groups, meanwhile, have had little representation in the kabupaten
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Copyright © 2007 by Center for Int
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iv • Contents Chapter 5. Muddling
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vi • Foreword problem solving. Th
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viii • About the Contributors God
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Acknowledgements In early 1999, two
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Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 1: Introduction: People, Fo
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Chapter 2: Adaptive Collaborative M
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Chapter 3: Adaptiveness and Collabo
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Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusio
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CIFOR is a leading international fo
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