Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia ...

128 • Trikurnianti Kusumanto
settlement of others. In many other places in Indonesia, official resettlement often
ignored preexisting social systems and created a mix of social groups.
7 Previously referred to as Kubu, a pejorative term.
8 A protocol for identifying and analysing stakeholders was used that allowed
for verifications and revisions of findings from earlier analyses using the following
methods: ‘Who counts matrix’ (Colfer et al. 1999), ‘Geographical method’ (Grimble
and Chan 1995), and the 4Rs framework of rights, responsibilities, returns and
relationships (Dubois 1999).
9 In Jambi, for example, we learned that the original Baru Pelepat inhabitants’
main reason to agree with the government’s resettlement project was their eagerness
to learn new ways from the settlers. They were motivated by success stories from
other resettlement projects, which they understood had improved people’s livelihoods
(Kusumanto and Permata Sari 2002).
10 For example, the Jambi resettlement project or the Pasir village forest
development programs.
11 Learning theorists often call this ‘rewards’ for learning (e.g., van der Veen
2000). An example from Jambi is the provision by the resettlement project of agricultural
planting materials, with the promise that this would increase future income.
12 In cognitivism, learning is seen as improving mental processes, such as
observation and memorisation. This type of learning structures the content of learning
by breaking down complex learning tasks to simpler ones.
13 In constructivism, learning is seen as building an intersubjective understanding
of a subject.
14 Often called transformative learning.
References
Barr, C. 2002 Decentralization of forest administration in Indonesia:
Implications for forest sustainability, community livelihoods and
economic development. CIFOR, Bogor.
de Boer, C., S. Hakim and H. Hartanto. 2002 Context study report: biophysical
assessment. CIFOR, Bogor.
Brown, L.D. 1980 Planned changed in unorganized systems. In: Lawrence,
T.G. (ed.) Systems theory for organization development. Wiley,
New York.
Buck, L., Wollenberg, E. and Edmunds, D. 2001 Social learning in the
collaborative management of community forests: lessons from the
field. In: Wollenberg, E., Edmunds, D. Buck, L., Fox, J. and Brodt,
S. (eds.) Social learning in community forests. CIFOR, Bogor, and
East-West Center, Honolulu.
Campbell, J.Y. 2002 Differing perspectives on community forestry in
Indonesia. In: Colfer, C.J.P. and Resosudarmo, I.A.P. (eds.) Which